* CacheLoader#reload}.
   *
   * <p>As the default implementation of {@link CacheLoader#reload} is synchronous, it is
   * recommended that users of this method override {@link CacheLoader#reload} with an asynchronous
   * implementation; otherwise refreshes will be performed during unrelated cache read and write
   * operations.
   *

  }

  @Test
  fun networkInterceptorThrowsRuntimeExceptionSynchronous() {
    interceptorThrowsRuntimeExceptionSynchronous(true)
  }

  /**
   * When an interceptor throws an unexpected exception, synchronous callers can catch it and deal
   * with it.
   */
  private fun interceptorThrowsRuntimeExceptionSynchronous(network: Boolean) {
    addInterceptor(network) { chain: Interceptor.Chain? -> throw RuntimeException("boom!") }

It has an interesting, uncommon feature: using the same framework, it's possible to create APIs and also CLIs.

As it is based on the previous standard for synchronous Python web frameworks (WSGI), it can't handle Websockets and other things, although it still has high performance too.

!!! info

    }

    /**
     * Returns the final value of the associated {@link ClosingFuture}, or throws an exception as
     * {@link Future#get()} would.
     *
     * <p>Because the asynchronous operation has already completed, this method is synchronous and
     * returns immediately.
     *
     * @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
     * @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an exception

   * executor}.
   *
   * @param listener the backing listener
   * @param executor the executor with which removal notifications are asynchronously executed
   */
  public static <K, V> RemovalListener<K, V> asynchronous(
      RemovalListener<K, V> listener, Executor executor) {
    checkNotNull(listener);
    checkNotNull(executor);
    return (RemovalNotification<K, V> notification) ->

   * executor}.
   *
   * @param listener the backing listener
   * @param executor the executor with which removal notifications are asynchronously executed
   */
  public static <K, V> RemovalListener<K, V> asynchronous(
      RemovalListener<K, V> listener, Executor executor) {
    checkNotNull(listener);
    checkNotNull(executor);
    return (RemovalNotification<K, V> notification) ->

When Go 1.23 builds older programs, the old behaviors remain in effect.
The new [GODEBUG setting](/doc/godebug) [`asynctimerchan=1`](/pkg/time/#NewTimer)
can be used to revert back to asynchronous channel behaviors

   */
  fun cancel()

  fun interface Factory {
    /**
     * Creates a new event source and immediately returns it. Creating an event source initiates an
     * asynchronous process to connect the socket. Once that succeeds or fails, `listener` will be
     * notified. The caller must cancel the returned event source when it is no longer in use.
     */
    fun newEventSource(

以及如何[使用 `CORSMiddleware` 处理 CORS](../tutorial/cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}。

本章学习如何使用其它中间件。

## 添加 ASGI 中间件

因为 **FastAPI** 基于 Starlette，且执行 <abbr title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface，异步服务器网关界面">ASGI</abbr> 规范，所以可以使用任意 ASGI 中间件。

中间件不必是专为 FastAPI 或 Starlette 定制的，只要遵循 ASGI 规范即可。

总之，ASGI 中间件是类，并把 ASGI 应用作为第一个参数。

因此，有些第三方 ASGI 中间件的文档推荐以如下方式使用中间件：

```Python

   * currently contains a value for {@code key}, and {@link CacheLoader#load} otherwise. Loading is
   * asynchronous only if {@link CacheLoader#reload} was overridden with an asynchronous
   * implementation.
   *
   * <p>Returns without doing anything if another thread is currently loading the value for {@code