byte[] a = new byte[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            a[i] = (byte) i;
        }
        return a;
    }

    @ParameterizedTest
    @MethodSource("byteEncodableArgs")
    @DisplayName("encode() copies bytes correctly and returns size")
    void encodeCopiesAndReportsSize(byte[] src, int off, int len, int dstIndex) {
        Encodable enc = new ByteEncodable(src, off, len);

        // Given
        String testString = "Hello";
        byte[] buffer = new byte[testString.length()];

        // When - Manual string encoding using individual bytes
        byte[] strBytes = testString.getBytes();
        System.arraycopy(strBytes, 0, buffer, 0, strBytes.length);

        // Then
        String decoded = new String(buffer);
        assertEquals(testString, decoded);
    }

    @Test

        return set.subSet(firstInclusive, lastExclusive);
      } else {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
      }
    }

    @Override
    public E belowSamplesLesser() {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    @Override
    public E belowSamplesGreater() {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    @Override
    public E aboveSamplesLesser() {

    Random random = new Random();
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
      byte[] bytes = new byte[64];
      random.nextBytes(bytes);
      String s = new String(bytes, UTF_16LE); // so all random strings are valid
      assertEquals(
          new Sink(4).putUnencodedChars(s).hash(),
          new Sink(4).putBytes(s.getBytes(UTF_16LE)).hash());
      assertEquals(

    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        super.setUp();
        testEnv = new Hashtable<>();
        testEnv.put("test.key", "test.value");
        ldapUser = new LdapUser(testEnv, "testuser");

        ComponentUtil.register(new SystemHelper(), "systemHelper");

        // Register a mock LdapManager to avoid NPE
        ComponentUtil.register(new LdapManager() {
            // Override methods that are called in tests

        // Create stream with a message containing data
        byte[] data = new byte[] { 1, 2 };
        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(concat(messageHeader(2), data));
        SocketInputStream sis = new SocketInputStream(in);

        // Reading with zero-length array should return 0 without consuming data
        assertEquals(0, sis.read(new byte[0]));

        // Verify data can still be read

        ComponentUtil.setFessConfig(new FessConfig.SimpleImpl() {
            @Override
            public String getCrawlerWebProtocols() {
                return "http,https";
            }

            @Override
            public String getCrawlerFileProtocols() {
                return "file,smb";
            }
        });

        final ProtocolHelper protocolHelper = new ProtocolHelper();
        protocolHelper.init();

        Name mockRecordName = new Name(mockConfig);
        recordNameField.set(nameQueryResponse, mockRecordName);

        NbtAddress[] addresses = new NbtAddress[2];
        // Create dummy NbtAddress objects for testing toString
        addresses[0] = new NbtAddress(mockRecordName, 0xC0A80101, false, 0); // 192.168.1.1
        addresses[1] = new NbtAddress(mockRecordName, 0x0A000005, true, 1); // 10.0.0.5

      ImmutableList.of(
          new ExpectedHashCode(
              new byte[] {
                (byte) 0xef, (byte) 0xcd, (byte) 0xab, (byte) 0x89,
                (byte) 0x67, (byte) 0x45, (byte) 0x23, (byte) 0x01
              },
              0x89abcdef,
              0x0123456789abcdefL,
              "efcdab8967452301"),
          new ExpectedHashCode(
              new byte[] {

    @Test
    void testNullValues() {
        RequestTrace trace = new RequestTrace(null, null, null);
        assertNull(trace.context());
        assertNull(trace.parent());
        assertNull(trace.data());
    }

    @Test
    void testChainedTraces() {
        RequestTrace root = new RequestTrace("root", null, "root-data");
        RequestTrace level1 = new RequestTrace("level1", root, "level1-data");