* someone still manages to pass null, let's continue to have the method work.
   *
   * (PatternFilenameFilter is of course one of those classes that shouldn't be a publicly visible
   * class to begin with but rather something returned from a static factory method whose declared
   * return type is plain FilenameFilter. If we made such a change, then the annotation we choose

**FastAPI** inclui vários middlewares para casos de uso comuns, veremos a seguir como usá-los.

/// note | Detalhes Técnicos

Para os próximos exemplos, você também poderia usar `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware`.

**FastAPI** fornece vários middlewares em `fastapi.middleware` apenas como uma conveniência para você, o desenvolvedor. Mas a maioria dos middlewares disponíveis vem diretamente do Starlette.

///

```

`app.add_middleware()` 的第一个参数是中间件的类，其它参数则是要传递给中间件的参数。

## 集成中间件

**FastAPI** 为常见用例提供了一些中间件，下面介绍怎么使用这些中间件。

/// note | 技术细节

以下几个示例中也可以使用 `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware`。

**FastAPI** 在 `fastapi.middleware` 中提供的中间件只是为了方便开发者使用，但绝大多数可用的中间件都直接继承自 Starlette。

///

## `HTTPSRedirectMiddleware`

强制所有传入请求必须是 `https` 或 `wss`。

 *   <li><b>Convenience methods:</b> These are implementations of common operations that are
 *       typically implemented by opening a stream using one of the methods in the first category,
 *       doing something and finally closing the stream or channel that was opened.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @since 14.0
 * @author Colin Decker
 */
@J2ktIncompatible
@GwtIncompatible
public abstract class ByteSink {

 *   <li><b>Convenience methods:</b> These are implementations of common operations that are
 *       typically implemented by opening a stream using one of the methods in the first category,
 *       doing something and finally closing the stream or channel that was opened.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @since 14.0
 * @author Colin Decker
 */
@J2ktIncompatible
@GwtIncompatible
public abstract class ByteSink {

* proxy with a stripped path prefix: прокси с функцией удаления префикса пути
* nerd: умник
* sub application: подприложение
* webhook request: вебхук-запрос
* serve (meaning providing access to something): «отдавать» (or `предоставлять доступ к`)
* recap (noun): резюме
* utility function: вспомогательная функция

    * An example is `404`, for a "Not Found" response.
    * For generic errors from the client, you can just use `400`.
* `500 - 599` are for server errors. You almost never use them directly. When something goes wrong at some part in your application code, or server, it will automatically return one of these status codes.

/// tip

**FastAPI** incluye varios middlewares para casos de uso común, veremos a continuación cómo usarlos.

/// note | Detalles Técnicos

Para los próximos ejemplos, también podrías usar `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware`.

**FastAPI** proporciona varios middlewares en `fastapi.middleware` solo como una conveniencia para ti, el desarrollador. Pero la mayoría de los middlewares disponibles provienen directamente de Starlette.

So, you can use `user_agent` as you normally would in Python code, instead of needing to capitalize the first letters as `User_Agent` or something similar.

If for some reason you need to disable automatic conversion of underscores to hyphens, set the parameter `convert_underscores` of `Header` to `False`:

{* ../../docs_src/header_params/tutorial002_an_py310.py hl[10] *}

* Create a copy of the stored model, updating its attributes with the received partial updates (using the `update` parameter).
* Convert the copied model to something that can be stored in your DB (for example, using the `jsonable_encoder`).