Asynchronous code just means that the language 💬 has a way to tell the computer / program 🤖 that at some point in the code, it 🤖 will have to wait for *something else* to finish somewhere else. Let's say that *something else* is called "slow-file" 📝.

So, during that time, the computer can go and do some other work, while "slow-file" 📝 finishes.

At that point, by noticing that the server took some microseconds longer to send the "Incorrect username or password" response, the attackers will know that they got _something_ right, some of the initial letters were right.

And then they can try again knowing that it's probably something more similar to `stanleyjobsox` than to `johndoe`.

#### A "professional" attack

name: Regression
description: Report a problem about something that used to work
labels: [ "a:regression", "to-triage" ]
assignees: [ ]
body:
  - type: markdown
    attributes:
      value: |
        Please use our bug report template to report problems with something that has never worked.
        Regressions reports are greatly appreciated during our RC phase and before a final release.
  - type: textarea
    id: current-behavior
    attributes:

### Async Context Manager

If you check, the function is decorated with an `@asynccontextmanager`.

That converts the function into something called an "**async context manager**".

```Python hl_lines="1  13"
{!../../../docs_src/events/tutorial003.py!}
```

A **context manager** in Python is something that you can use in a `with` statement, for example, `open()` can be used as a context manager:

```Python
with open("file.txt") as file:

The server handler function has this signature: `type SingleHandlerFn func(payload []byte) ([]byte, *RemoteErr)`.

Sample handler:
```go
    handler :=  func(payload []byte) ([]byte, *grid.RemoteErr) {
        // Do something with payload
        return []byte("response"), nil
    }

    err := manager.RegisterSingleHandler(grid.HandlerDiskInfo, handler)
```

Sample call:
```go
    // Get a connection to the remote host

* It takes each **request** that comes to your application.
* It can then do something to that **request** or run any needed code.
* Then it passes the **request** to be processed by the rest of the application (by some *path operation*).
* It then takes the **response** generated by the application (by some *path operation*).
* It can do something to that **response** or run any needed code.
* Then it returns the **response**.

    sourceCompatibility(JavaVersion.VERSION_11)
  }

  kotlinOptions {
    jvmTarget = JavaVersion.VERSION_11.toString()
  }

  // issue merging due to conflict with httpclient and something else
  packagingOptions.resources.excludes += setOf(
    "META-INF/DEPENDENCIES"
  )
}


dependencies {
  val okhttpLegacyVersion = "3.12.12"

  implementation(libs.kotlin.reflect)

  workflow_dispatch:

jobs:
  feedback:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
      issues: write
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
      # Feedback loop: ask for something on PR/Issue and close if not provided or return to the queue on update.
      # https://github.com/gradle/issue-management-action/blob/main/src/feedback.ts
      - uses: gradle/issue-management-action@v1
        with:

しかし、依存関係を定義する方法はそれだけではありません（その方が一般的かもしれませんが）。

重要なのは、依存関係が「呼び出し可能」なものであることです。

Pythonにおける「**呼び出し可能**」とは、Pythonが関数のように「呼び出す」ことができるものを指します。

そのため、`something`オブジェクト（関数ではないかもしれませんが）を持っていて、それを次のように「呼び出す」（実行する）ことができるとします:

```Python
something()
```

または

```Python
something(some_argument, some_keyword_argument="foo")
```

これを「呼び出し可能」なものと呼びます。

## 依存関係としてのクラス

Pythonのクラスのインスタンスを作成する際に、同じ構文を使用していることに気づくかもしれません。

# Controllers

Istio has a variety of [controllers](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/architecture/controller/), which basically watch some inputs and do something.
This can be reading from Kubernetes and writing other objects back, writing to proxies over XDS, etc.

Unfortunately, writing controllers is very error prone, even for seemingly simple cases.
To work around this, Istio has a variety of abstractions meant to make writing controllers easier.

## Clients