"Gerenciadores de Contexto" são qualquer um dos objetos Python que podem ser utilizados com a declaração `with`.

Por exemplo, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files" class="external-link" target="_blank">você pode utilizar `with` para ler um arquivo</a>:

```Python
with open("./somefile.txt") as f:
    contents = f.read()
    print(contents)
```

# Testen { #testing }

Dank <a href="https://www.starlette.dev/testclient/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> ist das Testen von **FastAPI**-Anwendungen einfach und macht Spaß.

Es basiert auf <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a>, welches wiederum auf der Grundlage von Requests konzipiert wurde, es ist also sehr vertraut und intuitiv.

Puedes definir un atributo como un subtipo. Por ejemplo, una `list` en Python:

{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial001_py310.py hl[12] *}

Esto hará que `tags` sea una lista, aunque no declare el tipo de los elementos de la lista.

## Campos de lista con parámetro de tipo { #list-fields-with-type-parameter }

Pero Python tiene una forma específica de declarar listas con tipos internos, o "parámetros de tipo":

And they send a request with a username `johndoe` and a password `love123`.

Then the Python code in your application would be equivalent to something like:

```Python
if "johndoe" == "stanleyjobson" and "love123" == "swordfish":
    ...
```

/// info

To receive uploaded files and/or form data, first install <a href="https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart" class="external-link" target="_blank">`python-multipart`</a>.

Make sure you create a [virtual environment](../virtual-environments.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, activate it, and then install it, for example:

```console
$ pip install python-multipart
```

///

## Import `File` and `Form` { #import-file-and-form }

Das machen Sie mit modernen Standard-Python-Typen.

Sie müssen keine neue Syntax, Methoden oder Klassen einer bestimmten Bibliothek usw. lernen.

Nur Standard-**Python**.

Zum Beispiel für ein `int`:

```Python
item_id: int
```

oder für ein komplexeres `Item`-Modell:

```Python
item: Item
```

... und mit dieser einen Deklaration erhalten Sie:

But a variable like `user-agent` is invalid in Python.

So, by default, `Header` will convert the parameter names characters from underscore (`_`) to hyphen (`-`) to extract and document the headers.

Also, HTTP headers are case-insensitive, so, you can declare them with standard Python style (also known as "snake_case").

Y envían un request con un nombre de usuario `johndoe` y una contraseña `love123`.

Entonces el código de Python en tu aplicación equivaldría a algo como:

```Python
if "johndoe" == "stanleyjobson" and "love123" == "swordfish":
    ...
```

![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)


### 現代 Python

這一切都基於標準的 **Python 型別**宣告（感謝 Pydantic）。無需學習新的語法，只需使用標準的現代 Python。

如果你需要 2 分鐘來學習如何使用 Python 型別（即使你不使用 FastAPI），可以看看這個簡短的教學：[Python 型別](python-types.md){.internal-link target=_blank}。

如果你寫帶有 Python 型別的程式碼：

```python
from datetime import date

from pydantic import BaseModel

# 宣告一個變數為 string

You do that with standard modern Python types.

You don't have to learn a new syntax, the methods or classes of a specific library, etc.

Just standard **Python**.

For example, for an `int`:

```Python
item_id: int
```

or for a more complex `Item` model:

```Python
item: Item
```

...and with that single declaration you get: