`@app.get("/")`は直下の関数が下記のリクエストの処理を担当することを**FastAPI**に伝えます:

* パス `/`
* <abbr title="an HTTP GET method"><code>get</code> オペレーション</abbr>

/// info | `@decorator` について

Pythonにおける`@something`シンタックスはデコレータと呼ばれます。

「デコレータ」は関数の上に置きます。かわいらしい装飾的な帽子のようです（この用語の由来はそこにあると思います）。

「デコレータ」は直下の関数を受け取り、それを使って何かを行います。

私たちの場合、このデコレーターは直下の関数が**オペレーション** `get`を使用した**パス**` / `に対応することを**FastAPI** に通知します。

 *   <li><b>Convenience methods:</b> These are implementations of common operations that are
 *       typically implemented by opening a reader using one of the methods in the first category,
 *       doing something and finally closing the reader that was opened.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>Several methods in this class, such as {@link #readLines()}, break the contents of the source

 *   <li><b>Convenience methods:</b> These are implementations of common operations that are
 *       typically implemented by opening a reader using one of the methods in the first category,
 *       doing something and finally closing the reader that was opened.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>Several methods in this class, such as {@link #readLines()}, break the contents of the source

            To properly test this, you need to remove existing toolchains:
            rm -rf ~/.m2/jdks/ ~/.m2/toolchains.xml
            (But don't run that if you have put something into ~/.m2/toolchains.xml yourself.)
            -->
            <execution>
              <id>download-24-and-surefire-version</id>
              <goals>
                <goal>toolchain</goal>

   */
  protected final class MultiExceptionListIterator implements ListIterator<E> {
    // TODO: track seen elements when order isn't guaranteed
    // TODO: verify contents afterward
    // TODO: something shiny and new instead of Stack
    // TODO: test whether null is supported (create a Feature)
    /**
     * The elements to be returned by future calls to {@code next()}, with the first at the top of
     * the stack.

@DoNotMock("Use ImmutableList.of or another implementation")
@GwtCompatible
@SuppressWarnings("serial") // we're overriding default serialization
// TODO(kevinb): I think we should push everything down to "BaseImmutableCollection" or something,
// just to do everything we can to emphasize the "practically an interface" nature of this class.
public abstract class ImmutableCollection<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements Serializable {
  /*

            To properly test this, you need to remove existing toolchains:
            rm -rf ~/.m2/jdks/ ~/.m2/toolchains.xml
            (But don't run that if you have put something into ~/.m2/toolchains.xml yourself.)
            -->
            <execution>
              <id>download-24-and-surefire-version</id>
              <goals>
                <goal>toolchain</goal>

@DoNotMock("Use ImmutableList.of or another implementation")
@GwtCompatible
@SuppressWarnings("serial") // we're overriding default serialization
// TODO(kevinb): I think we should push everything down to "BaseImmutableCollection" or something,
// just to do everything we can to emphasize the "practically an interface" nature of this class.
public abstract class ImmutableCollection<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements Serializable {
  /*

      <resource>
        <directory>src</directory>
      </resource>
      <!-- src-super is copied to guava-gwt-sources (so that we can strip its @Nullable annotations), so we don't need to list it here. We may want to arrange something similar for test-super someday. -->
      <!-- TODO(cpovirk): Why do we have separate src and src-super directories, anyway? -->
      <resource>
        <directory>${project.build.directory}/guava-gwt-sources</directory>

By validating the data with Pydantic we can make sure that we have, for example, exactly a `list` of `str` with the scopes and a `str` with the `username`.

Instead of, for example, a `dict`, or something else, as it could break the application at some point later, making it a security risk.

We also verify that we have a user with that username, and if not, we raise that same exception we created before.