関数パラメータは以下の様に認識されます:

* パラメータが**パス**で宣言されている場合は、優先的にパスパラメータとして扱われます。
* パラメータが**単数型** (`int`、`float`、`str`、`bool` など)の場合は**クエリ**パラメータとして解釈されます。
* パラメータが **Pydantic モデル**型で宣言された場合、リクエスト**ボディ**として解釈されます。

/// note | "備考"

FastAPIは、`= None`があるおかげで、`q`がオプショナルだとわかります。

`Optional[str]` の`Optional` はFastAPIでは使用されていません（FastAPIは`str`の部分のみ使用します）。しかし、`Optional[str]` はエディタがコードのエラーを見つけるのを助けてくれます。

///

## Pydanticを使わない方法

`Optional[Something]` é na verdade um atalho para `Union[Something, None]`, eles são equivalentes.

Isso também significa que no Python 3.10, você pode utilizar `Something | None`:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```

      return this;
    }

    /** Adds a key-value mapping to the built multimap if it is not already present. */
    @CanIgnoreReturnValue
    @Override
    public Builder<K, V> put(K key, V value) {
      super.put(key, value);
      return this;
    }

    /**
     * Adds an entry to the built multimap if it is not already present.
     *
     * @since 11.0
     */
    @CanIgnoreReturnValue

   * TreeMultimap#create(Comparator, Comparator)} won't suffice.
   *
   * <p>Note: the multimap assumes complete ownership over of {@code map} and the collections
   * returned by {@code factory}. Those objects should not be manually updated and they should not
   * use soft, weak, or phantom references.
   *
   * @param map place to store the mapping from each key to its corresponding values

また、受け取ったパスワードが保存されているハッシュと一致するかどうかを検証するユーティリティも作成します。

さらに、ユーザーを認証して返す関数も作成します。

```Python hl_lines="7  48  55-56  59-60  69-75"
{!../../docs_src/security/tutorial004.py!}
```

/// note | "備考"

新しい（偽の）データベース`fake_users_db`を確認すると、ハッシュ化されたパスワードが次のようになっていることがわかります：`"$2b$12$EixZaYVK1fsbw1ZfbX3OXePaWxn96p36WQoeG6Lruj3vjPGga31lW"`

///

## JWTトークンの取り扱い

インストールした複数のモジュールをインポートします。

// storage specified by the transition ARN, the metadata is left behind on source cluster and original content
// is moved to the transition tier. Note that in the case of encrypted objects, entire encrypted stream is moved
// to the transition tier without decrypting or re-encrypting.

   * A specific warning about locking: Code that executes user-supplied tasks, such as {@code
   * ListenableFuture} listeners, should take care not to do so while holding a lock. Additionally,
   * as a further line of defense, prefer not to perform any locking inside a task that will be run
   * under {@code directExecutor}: Not only might the wait for a lock be long, but if the running
   * thread was holding a lock, the listener may deadlock or break lock isolation.

  // host is the fully qualified domain name of a network host, as defined by RFC 3986.
  // Note the following deviations from the "host" part of the
  // URI as defined in RFC 3986:
  // 1. IPs are not allowed. Currently an IngressRuleValue can only apply to
  //    the IP in the Spec of the parent Ingress.
  // 2. The `:` delimiter is not respected because ports are not allowed.
  // 	  Currently the port of an Ingress is implicitly :80 for http and

    --num-executors 1 \
    --driver-memory 512m \
    --executor-memory 512m \
    --executor-cores 1 \
    examples/jars/spark-examples*.jar 10
```

The job should produce an output as shown below. Note the value of pi in the output.

```
17/03/22 23:21:10 INFO DAGScheduler: Job 0 finished: reduce at SparkPi.scala:38, took 1.302805 s
Pi is roughly 3.1445191445191445
```

   * @param radix the radix to use while parsing {@code string}
   * @throws NumberFormatException if the string does not contain a valid unsigned {@code long} with
   *     the given radix, or if {@code radix} is not between {@link Character#MIN_RADIX} and {@link
   *     Character#MAX_RADIX}.
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code string} is null (in contrast to {@link