assertTrue(ex.getMessage().contains("OID"), "Error should mention OID");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Parse accepts non-zero outer tag numbers (current implementation behavior)")
    void testParseAcceptsNonZeroOuterTag() throws Exception {
        // Note: The current implementation does not validate the outer APPLICATION tag number
        // This test documents the actual behavior - any tag number is accepted
        byte[] token =