return stringWriter.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the stack trace of {@code throwable}, possibly providing slower iteration over the full
   * trace but faster iteration over parts of the trace. Here, "slower" and "faster" are defined in
   * comparison to the normal way to access the stack trace, {@link Throwable#getStackTrace()

  }

  /**
   * Similar to load64, but allows offset + 8 > input.length, padding the result with zeroes. This
   * has to explicitly reverse the order of the bytes as it packs them into the result which makes
   * it slower than the native version.
   *
   * @param input the input bytes
   * @param offset the offset into the array at which to start reading
   * @param length the number of bytes from the input to read

Java serialization is one way to implement this, however, despite its simplicity of implementation, it has several drawbacks:

- **Performance:**
Java's built-in serialization mechanism is often slower compared to other serialization solutions.
This is due to Java's use of reflection and the need to maintain a lot of metadata.

- **Size of Serialized Data:**

    return stringWriter.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the stack trace of {@code throwable}, possibly providing slower iteration over the full
   * trace but faster iteration over parts of the trace. Here, "slower" and "faster" are defined in
   * comparison to the normal way to access the stack trace, {@link Throwable#getStackTrace()

* `compresslevel` - Used during GZip compression. It is an integer ranging from 1 to 9. Defaults to `9`. Lower value results in faster compression but larger file sizes, while higher value results in slower compression but smaller file sizes.

## Other middlewares { #other-middlewares }

There are many other ASGI middlewares.

For example:

* **Starlette**:
    * Will have the next best performance, after Uvicorn. In fact, Starlette uses Uvicorn to run. So, it probably can only get "slower" than Uvicorn by having to execute more code.
    * But it provides you the tools to build simple web applications, with routing based on paths, etc.

When using a `response_model` or return type, FastAPI won't use the `jsonable_encoder` to convert the data (which would be slower) nor the `JSONResponse` class.

Instead it takes the JSON bytes generated with Pydantic using the response model (or return type) and returns a `Response` with the right media type for JSON directly (`application/json`).

   */
  static final class SmoothWarmingUp extends SmoothRateLimiter {
    private final long warmupPeriodMicros;

    /**
     * The slope of the line from the stable interval (when permits == 0), to the cold interval
     * (when permits == maxPermits)
     */
    private double slope;

    private double thresholdPermits;
    private final double coldFactor;

    SmoothWarmingUp(

         * This avoids out-of-control memory consumption, and it keeps the cache from growing so
         * large that doing the lookup is noticeably slower than redoing the work would be.
         *
         * Ideally we'd have a real eviction policy, but until we see a problem in practice, I hope

* Large payloads.

Only a single connection is ever made between two servers.
Likely this means that this connection will not be able to saturate network bandwidth.
Therefore, using this for large payloads will likely be slower than using a separate connection,
and other connections will be blocked while the large payload is being sent.

## Handlers & Routes

Handlers have a predefined Handler ID.