from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")

  }

  // Caller must delete[] the returned value
  static const char** ToArray(const std::vector<string>& strs) {
    const char** ptr = nullptr;
    if (!strs.empty()) {
      ptr = new const char*[strs.size()];
      for (size_t i = 0; i < strs.size(); ++i) {
        ptr[i] = strs[i].c_str();
      }
    }
    return ptr;
  }

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
```

Використання `Optional[str]` замість просто `str` дозволить редактору допомогти вам виявити помилки, коли ви могли б вважати, що значенням завжди є `str`, хоча насправді воно також може бути `None`.

`Optional[Something]` насправді є скороченням для `Union[Something, None]`, вони еквівалентні.

Це також означає, що в Python 3.10 ви можете використовувати `Something | None`:

然后你尝试向程序员老手的朋友——编辑器自动补全寻求帮助。

输入函数的第一个参数 `first_name`，输入点号（`.`）然后敲下 `Ctrl+Space` 来触发代码补全。

但遗憾的是并没有起什么作用：

<img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/python-types/image01.png">

### 添加类型

让我们来修改上面例子的一行代码。

我们将把下面这段代码中的函数参数从：

```Python
    first_name, last_name
```

改成：

```Python
    first_name: str, last_name: str
```

就是这样。

这些就是"类型提示"：

```Python hl_lines="1"

class MethodsDependency:
    def synchronous(self, value: str) -> str:
        return value

    async def asynchronous(self, value: str) -> str:
        return value

    def synchronous_gen(self, value: str) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
        yield value

    async def asynchronous_gen(self, value: str) -> AsyncGenerator[str, None]:
        yield value


callable_dependency = CallableDependency()

from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")

        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
        alias: Optional[str] = None,
        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
        title: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,

    name: Optional[str] = None
    call: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
    request_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    websocket_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    http_connection_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    response_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    background_tasks_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    security_scopes_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None

    description: Optional[str] = None
    content: Dict[str, MediaType]
    required: Optional[bool] = None


class Link(BaseModelWithConfig):
    operationRef: Optional[str] = None
    operationId: Optional[str] = None
    parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Any, str]]] = None
    requestBody: Optional[Union[Any, str]] = None
    description: Optional[str] = None
    server: Optional[Server] = None

def get_graphql_response(
    *,
    settings: Settings,
    query: str,
    after: Union[str, None] = None,
    category_id: Union[str, None] = None,
    discussion_number: Union[int, None] = None,
    discussion_id: Union[str, None] = None,
    comment_id: Union[str, None] = None,
    body: Union[str, None] = None,
) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    headers = {"Authorization": f"token {settings.input_token.get_secret_value()}"}