*
     * @param buf the NDR buffer to decode from
     * @throws NdrException if decoding fails
     */
    protected abstract void decodeWitnessParameters(NdrBuffer buf) throws NdrException;

    @Override
    public void encode_in(NdrBuffer buf) throws NdrException {
        encodeWitnessParameters(buf);
    }

    @Override
    public void decode_out(NdrBuffer buf) throws NdrException {

            next = next.getNextException();
        }
        Throwable t = cause.getCause();
        while (t != null) {
            buf.append(t.getMessage()).append("], [");
            t = t.getCause();
        }
        buf.setLength(buf.length() - 4);
        return new String(buf);
    }

	v := WalkDirOptions{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)

	m := v.Msgsize()
	if buf.Len() > m {
		t.Log("WARNING: TestEncodeDecodeWalkDirOptions Msgsize() is inaccurate")
	}

	vn := WalkDirOptions{}
	err := msgp.Decode(&buf, &vn)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}

	buf.Reset()
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	err = msgp.NewReader(&buf).Skip()
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}
}

	v := listPathOptions{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)

	m := v.Msgsize()
	if buf.Len() > m {
		t.Log("WARNING: TestEncodeDecodelistPathOptions Msgsize() is inaccurate")
	}

	vn := listPathOptions{}
	err := msgp.Decode(&buf, &vn)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}

	buf.Reset()
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	err = msgp.NewReader(&buf).Skip()
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}
}

	v := PartialOperation{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)

	m := v.Msgsize()
	if buf.Len() > m {
		t.Log("WARNING: TestEncodeDecodePartialOperation Msgsize() is inaccurate")
	}

	vn := PartialOperation{}
	err := msgp.Decode(&buf, &vn)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}

	buf.Reset()
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	err = msgp.NewReader(&buf).Skip()
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}

	v := SiteResyncStatus{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)

	m := v.Msgsize()
	if buf.Len() > m {
		t.Log("WARNING: TestEncodeDecodeSiteResyncStatus Msgsize() is inaccurate")
	}

	vn := SiteResyncStatus{}
	err := msgp.Decode(&buf, &vn)
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}

	buf.Reset()
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	err = msgp.NewReader(&buf).Skip()
	if err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}

// For example,
//
//	"10000;chunk-signature=..." => "10000", "chunk-signature=..."
func parseS3ChunkExtension(buf []byte) ([]byte, []byte) {
	buf = trimTrailingWhitespace(buf)
	semi := bytes.Index(buf, []byte(s3ChunkSignatureStr))
	// Chunk signature not found, return the whole buffer.
	if semi == -1 {
		return buf, nil
	}
	return buf[:semi], parseChunkSignature(buf[semi:])
}

        Trans2QueryFSInformation cmd = new Trans2QueryFSInformation(5);
        byte[] buf = newBuffer(10);
        int written = cmd.writeSetupWireFormat(buf, 0);
        assertEquals(2, written, "setup packet should write 2 bytes");
        assertEquals(SmbComTransaction.TRANS2_QUERY_FS_INFORMATION, buf[0], "first byte should be subCommand");
        assertEquals((byte) 0x00, buf[1], "second byte should be zero");
    }

    @Test

)

func main() {
	rb := ringbuffer.New(1024)

	// write
	rb.Write([]byte("abcd"))
	fmt.Println(rb.Length())
	fmt.Println(rb.Free())

	// read
	buf := make([]byte, 4)
	rb.Read(buf)
	fmt.Println(string(buf))
}
```

It is possible to use an existing buffer with by replacing `New` with `NewBuffer`.


# Blocking vs Non-blocking

	buf        []byte          // Holds bit-rot verified data
}

func (b *wholeBitrotReader) ReadAt(buf []byte, offset int64) (n int, err error) {
	if b.buf == nil {
		b.buf = make([]byte, b.tillOffset-offset)
		if _, err := b.disk.ReadFile(context.TODO(), b.volume, b.filePath, offset, b.buf, b.verifier); err != nil {
			return 0, err
		}
	}
	if len(b.buf) < len(buf) {
		return 0, errLessData
	}