private static final byte[] TEST_KEY = "testkey".getBytes();
    private static final byte[] LONG_TEST_KEY = new byte[80]; // Longer than 64 bytes
    private static final byte[] SHORT_TEST_KEY = "short".getBytes();
    private static final byte[] TEST_DATA = "testdata".getBytes();
    private static final byte[] EMPTY_DATA = new byte[0];

    static {
        // Initialize long key with predictable data

        CommandExecutionException cmdNotFound = new CommandExecutionException("Command 'xyz' not found");
        assertTrue(cmdNotFound.getMessage().contains("not found"));

        // Scenario 2: Command timeout
        CommandExecutionException timeout =
                new CommandExecutionException("Command execution timed out after 30 seconds", new RuntimeException("Timeout"));

        // Test getMessage behavior with complex cause structure
        final Exception innerCause = new NullPointerException("NPE occurred");
        final Exception outerCause = new IllegalStateException("State error", innerCause);
        final JobProcessingException exception = new JobProcessingException(outerCause);

        assertNotNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("IllegalStateException"));

    skipHelper(0, 0, new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
    skipHelper(50, 50, new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
    skipHelper(50, 50, new SlowSkipper(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes), 1));
    skipHelper(50, 50, new SlowSkipper(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes), 0));
    skipHelper(100, -1, new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
    assertThrows(EOFException.class, () -> skipHelper(101, 0, new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)));
  }

        final LlmException exception = new LlmException("Error message");
        assertEquals("Error message", exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructorWithMessageAndCause() {
        final RuntimeException cause = new RuntimeException("Root cause");
        final LlmException exception = new LlmException("Error occurred", cause);

        UserRoleLoginException exception = new UserRoleLoginException(RootAction.class);

        // Create multiple threads to test synchronized method
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(() -> {
            Throwable result = exception.fillInStackTrace();
            assertNull(result);
        });

        Thread thread2 = new Thread(() -> {
            Throwable result = exception.fillInStackTrace();

        byte[] buffer = new byte[4];
        pdis.readFully(buffer);
        assertArrayEquals(data, buffer);
    }

    @Test
    public void testReadFullyWithOffset() throws IOException {
        byte[] data = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04 };
        PacDataInputStream pdis = createInputStream(data);
        byte[] buffer = new byte[6];
        pdis.readFully(buffer, 1, 4);

    public void testDurableHandleReconnectInvalidFileId() {
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
            new DurableHandleReconnect(new byte[8]); // Wrong length
        });

        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
            new DurableHandleReconnect(new byte[20]); // Wrong length
        });
    }

    @Test
    public void testHandleType() {

    StringCatcher stringCatcher = new StringCatcher();

    List<Object> objectEvents = new ArrayList<>();
    Object objCatcher =
        new Object() {
          @Subscribe
          public void eat(Object food) {
            objectEvents.add(food);
          }
        };

    List<Comparable<?>> compEvents = new ArrayList<>();
    Object compCatcher =
        new Object() {
          @Subscribe

    StringCatcher stringCatcher = new StringCatcher();

    List<Object> objectEvents = new ArrayList<>();
    Object objCatcher =
        new Object() {
          @Subscribe
          public void eat(Object food) {
            objectEvents.add(food);
          }
        };

    List<Comparable<?>> compEvents = new ArrayList<>();
    Object compCatcher =
        new Object() {
          @Subscribe