void testReadULong() {
        byte[] a = new byte[] { (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x04 };
        int result = NtlmMessage.readULong(a, 0);
        assertEquals(0x04030201, result, "ULong should be little‑endian");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("readUShort correctly interprets little endian")
    void testReadUShort() {
        byte[] a = new byte[] { (byte) 0xAA, (byte) 0xBB };

        byte[] emptyData = new byte[8];

        PACDecodingException e = assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> new Pac(emptyData, keys));
        // Any PACDecodingException is acceptable for this test
        assertNotNull(e.getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    void testTooSmallPac() {
        // Test that PAC smaller than 8 bytes is rejected
        byte[] smallData = new byte[4];

/**
 * Interface for objects that can be encoded to byte arrays.
 * Provides standardized method for converting objects to their binary representation.
 *
 * @author mbechler
 */
public class ByteEncodable implements Encodable {

    private final byte[] bytes;
    private final int off;
    private final int len;

    /**
     * Constructs a ByteEncodable object wrapping a byte array segment.
     *

    public int bits() {
      return 64;
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] asBytes() {
      return new byte[] {
        (byte) hash,
        (byte) (hash >> 8),
        (byte) (hash >> 16),
        (byte) (hash >> 24),
        (byte) (hash >> 32),
        (byte) (hash >> 40),
        (byte) (hash >> 48),
        (byte) (hash >> 56)
      };
    }

    @Override
    public int asInt() {

        byte[] buffer = new byte[28];
        Arrays.fill(buffer, 0, 24, (byte) 0xAA);

        // Decode with len = 24 (minimum valid)
        int bytesConsumed = response.decode(buffer, 0, 24);

        // Verify - should consume 28 bytes even though len is 24
        assertEquals(28, bytesConsumed, "Should consume 28 bytes");

        byte[] resumeKey = response.getResumeKey();

    return new String(chars);
  }

  private static byte[] toByteArray(int... bytes) {
    byte[] realBytes = new byte[bytes.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
      realBytes[i] = (byte) bytes[i];
    }
    return realBytes;
  }

  private static void assertWellFormed(int... bytes) {
    assertTrue(Utf8.isWellFormed(toByteArray(bytes)));
  }

        byte[] maxGuid = new byte[16];
        Arrays.fill(maxGuid, (byte) 0xFF);

        ValidateNegotiateInfoRequest request =
                new ValidateNegotiateInfoRequest(DEFAULT_CAPABILITIES, maxGuid, DEFAULT_SECURITY_MODE, defaultDialects);

        byte[] buffer = new byte[request.size()];
        request.encode(buffer, 0);

        // Verify max GUID
        byte[] extractedGuid = new byte[16];

    void testReadLengthMaximum() {
        byte[] src = { (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF };
        int length = SessionServicePacket.readLength(src, 0);

        assertEquals(0x01FFFF, length);
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("readLength should handle zero length")
    void testReadLengthZero() {
        byte[] src = { (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00 };

        // Check reserved bytes
        for (int i = 2; i < 6; i++) {
            assertEquals((byte) 0x00, dst[i], "Reserved byte at index " + i + " should be 0.");
        }
        // Check filename
        byte[] filenameBytes = filename.getBytes();
        for (int i = 0; i < filenameBytes.length; i++) {
            assertEquals(filenameBytes[i], dst[6 + i], "Filename byte at index " + i + " should match.");
        }

    hasher = HASH_FN.newHasher();
    hasher
        .putByte((byte) 0x01)
        .putByte((byte) 0x01)
        .putByte((byte) 0x00)
        .putByte((byte) 0x01)
        .putByte((byte) 0x00)
        .putByte((byte) 0x00)
        .putByte((byte) 0x00)
        .putByte((byte) 0x00);
    assertEquals(hashCode, hasher.hash().asLong());

    hasher = HASH_FN.newHasher();