assertNull(Punycode.decode("xn--a-9b.net"))
    assertEquals("a՚.net", Punycode.decode("xn--a-99b.net"))
    assertEquals("a溠.net", Punycode.decode("xn--a-999b.net"))
    assertEquals("a\uD8E2\uDF5C.net", Punycode.decode("xn--a-9999b.net"))
    assertNull(Punycode.decode("xn--a-99999b.net"))
  }

  @Test fun dashInPrefix() {
    testEncodeDecode(
      unicode = "klmnöpqrst-uvwxy",

  private const val INITIAL_BIAS = 72
  private const val INITIAL_N = 0x80

  /**
   * Returns null if any label is oversized so much that the encoder cannot encode it without
   * integer overflow. This will not return null for labels that fit within the DNS size
   * limits.
   */
  fun encode(string: String): String? {
    var pos = 0
    val limit = string.length
    val result = Buffer()

    while (pos < limit) {

        // Encode multiple times
        byte[] buffer1 = new byte[100];
        byte[] buffer2 = new byte[100];
        byte[] buffer3 = new byte[100];

        int encoded1 = request.encode(buffer1, 0);
        int encoded2 = request.encode(buffer2, 0);
        int encoded3 = request.encode(buffer3, 0);

        // All should produce same result

        byte[] dst = new byte[20];
        int writtenSize = range.encode(dst, 0);
        assertEquals(10, writtenSize, "Range size when not large should be 10");
        // create a new empty range and decode
        LockingAndXRange decoded = new LockingAndXRange(false);
        int decodedSize = decoded.decode(dst, 0, dst.length);
        assertEquals(10, decodedSize, "Decode should return size 10");
        assertEquals(99, decoded.getPid());

      name = "BOOLEAN",
      tagClass = DerHeader.TAG_CLASS_UNIVERSAL,
      tag = 1L,
      codec =
        object : BasicDerAdapter.Codec<Boolean> {
          override fun decode(reader: DerReader): Boolean = reader.readBoolean()

          override fun encode(
            writer: DerWriter,
            value: Boolean,
          ) = writer.writeBoolean(value)
        },
    )

  val INTEGER_AS_LONG =
    BasicDerAdapter(

        transformHeader.setFlags(0x0001);
        transformHeader.setSessionId(testSessionId);

        byte[] buffer = new byte[52];

        // When
        int encoded = transformHeader.encode(buffer, 0);

        // Then
        assertEquals(52, encoded);

        // Verify protocol ID (first 4 bytes) - 0xFD534D42 in little-endian
        assertEquals((byte) 0x42, buffer[0]);
        assertEquals((byte) 0x4D, buffer[1]);

        remove(pairs, rep.getType());
        pairs.add(rep);
    }

    /**
     * Encodes a list of AV pairs into byte array format
     *
     * @param pairs the list of AV pairs to encode
     * @return encoded avpairs
     */
    public static byte[] encode(final List<AvPair> pairs) {
        int size = 0;
        for (final AvPair p : pairs) {
            size += 4 + p.getRaw().length;

     * @return The string encoded in <code>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</code> format.
     */
    public static String encode(final String s, final String enc) {
        assertArgumentNotEmpty("s", s);
        assertArgumentNotEmpty("enc", enc);

        try {
            return URLEncoder.encode(s, enc);
        } catch (final UnsupportedEncodingException e) {

                request.setAttribute(key, query);
            }
            return query;
        }).orElse(null);
    }

    /**
     * Encodes a string to URL-safe Base64 format.
     *
     * @param value the string to encode
     * @return Base64 encoded string, or empty string if value is null
     */
    public static String base64(final String value) {
        if (value == null) {

    assertThat(encoding.encode(decoded.getBytes(UTF_8), offset, len)).isEqualTo(encoded);
  }

  private static void testDecodes(BaseEncoding encoding, String encoded, String decoded) {
    assertThat(encoding.canDecode(encoded)).isTrue();
    assertThat(encoding.decode(encoded)).isEqualTo(decoded.getBytes(UTF_8));
  }

  private static void testDecodesByBytes(BaseEncoding encoding, String encoded, byte[] decoded) {