// The top bit is set, which means that the double value is going to come from the top 53 bits.
    // So we can ignore the bottom 11, except for rounding. We can unsigned-shift right 1, aka
    // unsigned-divide by 2, and convert that. Then we'll get exactly half of the desired double
    // value. But in the specific case where the bottom two bits of the original number are 01, we
    // want to replace that with 1 in the shifted value for correct rounding.

    // The top bit is set, which means that the double value is going to come from the top 53 bits.
    // So we can ignore the bottom 11, except for rounding. We can unsigned-shift right 1, aka
    // unsigned-divide by 2, and convert that. Then we'll get exactly half of the desired double
    // value. But in the specific case where the bottom two bits of the original number are 01, we
    // want to replace that with 1 in the shifted value for correct rounding.

...and declare its type as the model you created, `Item`.

## Results

With just that Python type declaration, **FastAPI** will:

* Read the body of the request as JSON.
* Convert the corresponding types (if needed).
* Validate the data.
    * If the data is invalid, it will return a nice and clear error, indicating exactly where and what was the incorrect data.

  }

  /**
   * Converts a BigInteger to either an IPv4 or IPv6 address. If the IP is IPv4, it must be
   * constrained to 32 bits, otherwise it is constrained to 128 bits.
   *
   * @param address the address represented as a big integer
   * @param isIpv6 whether the created address should be IPv4 or IPv6
   * @return the BigInteger converted to an address

        addr[ 2 ] = (byte) ( ( this.address >>> 8 ) & 0xFF );
        addr[ 3 ] = (byte) ( this.address & 0xFF );
        return addr;
    }


    /**
     * To convert this address to an <code>InetAddress</code>.
     *
     * @return the {@link java.net.InetAddress} representation of this address.
     * @throws UnknownHostException
     */

   * ImmutableSortedSet.copyOf(elements)}; if you want a {@code List} you can use its {@code
   * asList()} view.
   *
   * <p><b>Java 8+ users:</b> If you want to convert a {@link java.util.stream.Stream} to a sorted
   * {@code ImmutableList}, use {@code stream.sorted().collect(toImmutableList())}.
   *
   * @throws NullPointerException if any element in the input is null
   * @since 21.0

        // although nothing has changed merge returns true, as the last modified date is equal
        // TODO: improve merge here?
        assertTrue(target.merge(source));
        // never convert from legacy format to v1.1 format
        assertEquals(0, target.getVersioning().getSnapshotVersions().size());
        assertEquals(formatDate(after, false), target.getVersioning().getLastUpdated());
        assertEquals(

#### Password hashing

"Hashing" means: converting some content (a password in this case) into a sequence of bytes (just a string) that looks like gibberish.

Whenever you pass exactly the same content (exactly the same password) you get exactly the same gibberish.

But you cannot convert from the gibberish back to the password.

##### Why use password hashing

   * @param domain A canonicalized domain. An International Domain Name (IDN) should be punycode
   *     encoded.
   */
  fun getEffectiveTldPlusOne(domain: String): String? {
    // We use UTF-8 in the list so we need to convert to Unicode.
    val unicodeDomain = IDN.toUnicode(domain)
    val domainLabels = splitDomain(unicodeDomain)

    val rule = findMatchingRule(domainLabels)

        if (StringUtil.isNotBlank(childUrl)) {
            final DuplicateHostHelper duplicateHostHelper = ComponentUtil.getDuplicateHostHelper();
            final String url = duplicateHostHelper.convert(childUrl);
            super.storeChildUrl(url, parentUrl, metaData, depth);
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected CrawlerClient getClient(final String url) {