}
    }

  /**
   * These assertions ensure the [PublicSuffixDatabase] remains correct. The specification is
   * very flexible regarding wildcard rules, but this flexibility is not something currently used
   * in practice. To simplify the implementation, we've avoided implementing the flexible rules in
   * favor of supporting what's actually used in practice. That means if these assertions ever fail,

    ```

Let's focus on the parameters declared:

* Even though this function is a dependency ("dependable") itself, it also declares another dependency (it "depends" on something else).
    * It depends on the `query_extractor`, and assigns the value returned by it to the parameter `q`.
* It also declares an optional `last_query` cookie, as a `str`.

```

`app.add_middleware()` 的第一个参数是中间件的类，其它参数则是要传递给中间件的参数。

## 集成中间件

**FastAPI** 为常见用例提供了一些中间件，下面介绍怎么使用这些中间件。

!!! note "技术细节"

    以下几个示例中也可以使用 `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware`。

    **FastAPI** 在 `fastapi.middleware` 中提供的中间件只是为了方便开发者使用，但绝大多数可用的中间件都直接继承自 Starlette。

## `HTTPSRedirectMiddleware`

强制所有传入请求必须是 `https` 或 `wss`。

任何传向 `http` 或 `ws` 的请求都会被重定向至安全方案。

  @BeforeEach
  fun setUp() {
    originalDefault = TimeZone.getDefault()
    // The default timezone should affect none of these tests: HTTP specified GMT, so we set it to
    // something else.
    TimeZone.setDefault(TimeZone.getTimeZone("America/Los_Angeles"))
  }

  @AfterEach
  @Throws(Exception::class)
  fun tearDown() {
    TimeZone.setDefault(originalDefault)
  }

  @Test

# About HTTPS

It is easy to assume that HTTPS is something that is just "enabled" or not.

But it is way more complex than that.

!!! tip
    If you are in a hurry or don't care, continue with the next sections for step by step instructions to set everything up with different techniques.

To **learn the basics of HTTPS**, from a consumer perspective, check <a href="https://howhttps.works/" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://howhttps.works/</a>.

    // Read a token68, a sequence of parameters, or nothing.
    val commaPrefixed = skipCommasAndWhitespace()
    peek = readToken()
    if (peek == null) {
      if (!exhausted()) return // Expected a token; got something else.
      result.add(Challenge(schemeName, emptyMap()))
      return
    }

    var eqCount = skipAll('='.code.toByte())
    val commaSuffixed = skipCommasAndWhitespace()

 So I guess it's important to figure out what people are using properties
 files for and see if we can't incorporate it all into the POM. Or if we do
 have properties file (something I would like to avoid) say they don't
 contribute in any meaningful way to information in the POM. For example a
 properties file could be used the specify $ so it can be interpolated in

    But keep in mind that, as everything is handled in memory, in a single list, it will only work while the process is running, and will only work with a single process.

    If you need something easy to integrate with FastAPI but that is more robust, supported by Redis, PostgreSQL or others, check <a href="https://github.com/encode/broadcaster" class="external-link" target="_blank">encode/broadcaster</a>.

## More info

`Optional[Something]` মূলত `Union[Something, None]`-এর একটি শর্টকাট, এবং তারা সমতুল্য।

এর মানে হল, Python 3.10-এ, আপনি টাইপগুলির ইউনিয়ন ঘোষণা করতে `Something | None` ব্যবহার করতে পারেন:

=== "Python 3.10+"

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}

**FastAPI** enthält mehrere Middlewares für gängige Anwendungsfälle. Wir werden als Nächstes sehen, wie man sie verwendet.

!!! note "Technische Details"
    Für die nächsten Beispiele könnten Sie auch `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware` verwenden.

    **FastAPI** bietet mehrere Middlewares via `fastapi.middleware` an, als Annehmlichkeit für Sie, den Entwickler. Die meisten verfügbaren Middlewares kommen aber direkt von Starlette.