* guess with an application of Newton's method, which sets guess := (guess + (x / guess)) / 2.
     * This iteration has the following two properties:
     *
     * a) every iteration (except potentially the first) has guess >= floor(sqrt(x)). This is
     * because guess' is the arithmetic mean of guess and x / guess, sqrt(x) is the geometric mean,

        assertEquals("DRguest", permissionHelper.encode("(deny){role}guest"));
        assertEquals("D2guest", permissionHelper.encode("(deny){group}guest"));
        assertEquals("D1guest", permissionHelper.encode("(deny){USER}guest"));
        assertEquals("DRguest", permissionHelper.encode("(deny){ROLE}guest"));
        assertEquals("D2guest", permissionHelper.encode("(deny){GROUP}guest"));

        checkRoundingUnnecessary(guessSquared == x);
        return guess;
      case FLOOR:
      case DOWN:
        if (x < guessSquared) {
          return guess - 1;
        }
        return guess;
      case CEILING:
      case UP:
        if (x > guessSquared) {
          return guess + 1;
        }
        return guess;
      case HALF_DOWN:
      case HALF_UP:
      case HALF_EVEN:

   * a CountdownLatch).
   */
  @Throws(InterruptedException::class)
  abstract fun dispatch(request: RecordedRequest): MockResponse

  /**
   * Returns an early guess of the next response, used for policy on how an incoming request should
   * be received. The default implementation returns an empty response. Mischievous implementations

func (b *block) toSparse() sparseArray { return sparseArray(b[:]) }

// getFormat checks that the block is a valid tar header based on the checksum.
// It then attempts to guess the specific format based on magic values.
// If the checksum fails, then FormatUnknown is returned.
func (b *block) getFormat() Format {
	// Verify checksum.
	var p parser
	value := p.parseOctal(b.toV7().chksum())

    assertExpectedBytes(out.toByteArray());
  }

  public void testCopyTo_byteSink() throws IOException {
    final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    // HERESY! but it's ok just for this I guess
    source.copyTo(
        new ByteSink() {
          @Override
          public OutputStream openStream() throws IOException {
            return out;
          }
        });

	"net/http/httptest"
	"net/url"
	"strconv"
	"testing"

	"github.com/minio/minio/internal/crypto"
	"github.com/minio/minio/internal/grid"
	xhttp "github.com/minio/minio/internal/http"
)

// Tests request guess function for net/rpc requests.
func TestGuessIsRPC(t *testing.T) {
	if guessIsRPCReq(nil) {
		t.Fatal("Unexpected return for nil request")
	}

	u, err := url.Parse("http://localhost:9000/minio/lock")
	if err != nil {

    assertExpectedBytes(out.toByteArray());
  }

  public void testCopyTo_byteSink() throws IOException {
    final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    // HERESY! but it's ok just for this I guess
    source.copyTo(
        new ByteSink() {
          @Override
          public OutputStream openStream() throws IOException {
            return out;
          }
        });

```

But by using the `secrets.compare_digest()` it will be secure against a type of attacks called "timing attacks".

### Timing Attacks

But what's a "timing attack"?

Let's imagine some attackers are trying to guess the username and password.

And they send a request with a username `johndoe` and a password `love123`.

Then the Python code in your application would be equivalent to something like:

```Python

    // TODO(cpovirk): Consider using Object[] anyway.
    E[] array = (E[]) elements.toArray();
    /*
     * For a Set, we guess that it contains no duplicates. That's just a guess for purpose of
     * sizing; if the Set uses different equality semantics, it might contain duplicates according
     * to equals(), and we will deduplicate those properly, albeit at some cost in allocations.