*
   * <p>If the argument is nonnegative, the returned result will be equal to {@code bits},
   * otherwise, the result will be equal to {@code 2^32 + bits}.
   *
   * <p>To represent unsigned decimal constants, consider {@link #valueOf(long)} instead.
   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static UnsignedInteger fromIntBits(int bits) {
    return new UnsignedInteger(bits);
  }

  /**

the literal value.
</p>

<pre class="ebnf">
float_lit         = decimal_float_lit | hex_float_lit .

decimal_float_lit = decimal_digits "." [ decimal_digits ] [ decimal_exponent ] |
                    decimal_digits decimal_exponent |
                    "." decimal_digits [ decimal_exponent ] .
decimal_exponent  = ( "e" | "E" ) [ "+" | "-" ] decimal_digits .

hex_float_lit     = "0" ( "x" | "X" ) hex_mantissa hex_exponent .

     * java.util.regex (where we want them in order to avoid catastrophic backtracking).
     */
    String decimal = "(?:\\d+#(?:\\.\\d*#)?|\\.\\d+#)";
    String completeDec = decimal + "(?:[eE][+-]?\\d+#)?[fFdD]?";
    String hex = "(?:[0-9a-fA-F]+#(?:\\.[0-9a-fA-F]*#)?|\\.[0-9a-fA-F]+#)";
    String completeHex = "0[xX]" + hex + "[pP][+-]?\\d+#[fFdD]?";

	// The size field ends at the first space.
	nStr, rest, ok := strings.Cut(s, " ")
	if !ok {
		return "", "", s, ErrHeader
	}

	// Parse the first token as a decimal integer.
	n, perr := strconv.ParseInt(nStr, 10, 0) // Intentionally parse as native int
	if perr != nil || n < 5 || n > int64(len(s)) {
		return "", "", s, ErrHeader
	}

    // contain non-decimal characters.
    int length = end - start;
    if (length <= 0 || length > 3) {
      throw new NumberFormatException();
    }
    // Disallow leading zeroes, because no clear standard exists on
    // whether these should be interpreted as decimal or octal.
    if (length > 1 && ipString.charAt(start) == '0') {

//
// Note that the GNU manual says that numeric values should be encoded in octal
// format. However, the GNU tar utility itself outputs these values in decimal.
// As such, this library treats values as being encoded in decimal.
func readGNUSparseMap1x0(r io.Reader) (sparseDatas, error) {
	var (
		cntNewline int64
		buf        bytes.Buffer
		blk        block
	)

  repeated KeyToPath items = 2;

  // defaultMode is optional: mode bits used to set permissions on created files by default.
  // Must be an octal value between 0000 and 0777 or a decimal value between 0 and 511.
  // YAML accepts both octal and decimal values, JSON requires decimal values for mode bits.
  // Defaults to 0644.
  // Directories within the path are not affected by this setting.

}

// Allowed cast types
const (
	castBool      = "BOOL"
	castInt       = "INT"
	castInteger   = "INTEGER"
	castString    = "STRING"
	castFloat     = "FLOAT"
	castDecimal   = "DECIMAL"
	castNumeric   = "NUMERIC"
	castTimestamp = "TIMESTAMP"
)

func (e *Expression) castTo(r Record, castType string, tableAlias string) (res *Value, err error) {
	v, err := e.evalNode(r, tableAlias)

	)

	validCases := []string{
		"count(*)",
		"sum(2 + s.id)",
		"sum(t)",
		"avg(s.id[1])",
		"coalesce(s.id[1], 2, 2 + 3)",

		"cast(s as string)",
		"cast(s AS INT)",
		"cast(s as DECIMAL)",
		"extract(YEAR from '2018-01-09')",
		"extract(month from '2018-01-09')",

		"extract(hour from '2018-01-09')",
		"extract(day from '2018-01-09')",
		"substring('abcd' from 2 for 2)",

		return os.ErrInvalid
	}
	p := C.CString(s)
	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(p))
	if C.mpz_set_str(&z.i[0], p, C.int(base)) < 0 {
		return os.ErrInvalid
	}
	return nil
}

// String returns the decimal representation of z.
func (z *Int) String() string {
	if z == nil {
		return "nil"
	}
	z.doinit()
	p := C.mpz_get_str(nil, 10, &z.i[0])
	s := C.GoString(p)
	C.free(unsafe.Pointer(p))
	return s
}