use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a

      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a

      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a

      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a

Cuando creas una *operación de path* normalmente puedes devolver cualquier dato: un `dict`, una `list`, un modelo Pydantic, un modelo de base de datos, etc.

Por defecto, **FastAPI** convertiría automáticamente ese valor devuelto a JSON usando el `jsonable_encoder` explicado en [Codificador Compatible JSON](../tutorial/encoder.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

Marshmallow et Webargs fournissent la validation, l'analyse et la sérialisation en tant que plug-ins.

Mais la documentation fait toujours défaut. C'est alors qu'APISpec a été créé.

Il s'agit d'un plug-in pour de nombreux frameworks (et il existe également un plug-in pour Starlette).

* `bytes`

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial005.py!}
```

### Tipos con sub-tipos

Existen algunas estructuras de datos que pueden contener otros valores, como `dict`, `list`, `set` y `tuple`. Los valores internos pueden tener su propio tipo también.

Para declarar esos tipos y sub-tipos puedes usar el módulo estándar de Python `typing`.

Por ejemplo:

* **Audio** o **procesamiento de imágenes**.
* **Visión por computadora**: una imagen está compuesta de millones de píxeles, cada píxel tiene 3 valores / colores, procesamiento que normalmente requiere calcular algo en esos píxeles, todo al mismo tiempo.

  // +optional
  repeated string hosts = 1;

  // secretName is the name of the secret used to terminate TLS traffic on
  // port 443. Field is left optional to allow TLS routing based on SNI
  // hostname alone. If the SNI host in a listener conflicts with the "Host"
  // header field used by an IngressRule, the SNI host is used for termination
  // and value of the "Host" header is used for routing.
  // +optional

```Dockerfile
CMD ["fastapi", "run", "app/main.py", "--proxy-headers", "--port", "80"]
```

#### Docker Cache

There's an important trick in this `Dockerfile`, we first copy the **file with the dependencies alone**, not the rest of the code. Let me tell you why is that.

```Dockerfile
COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
```