Because this code is executed before the application **starts** taking requests, and right after it **finishes** handling requests, it covers the whole application **lifespan** (the word "lifespan" will be important in a second 😉).

  }

  /**
   * Creates a {@code HashCode} from a hexadecimal ({@code base 16}) encoded string. The string must
   * be at least 2 characters long, and contain only valid, lower-cased hexadecimal characters.
   *
   * <p>This method accepts the exact format generated by {@link #toString}. If you require more
   * lenient {@code base 16} decoding, please use {@link com.google.common.io.BaseEncoding#decode}

      implements NavigableSet<E> {
    NavigableElementSet(SortedMultiset<E> multiset) {
      super(multiset);
    }

    @Override
    public @Nullable E lower(@ParametricNullness E e) {
      return getElementOrNull(multiset().headMultiset(e, OPEN).lastEntry());
    }

    @Override
    public @Nullable E floor(@ParametricNullness E e) {

    }

    /**
     * Sets a range of characters as word characters.
     *
     * @param ctype2
     *            The array of character types.
     * @param low
     *            The lower bound of the character range (inclusive).
     * @param hi
     *            The upper bound of the character range (inclusive).
     */
    protected static void wordChars(final byte[] ctype2, int low, int hi) {

      WildcardType wildcard = (WildcardType) componentType;
      Type[] lowerBounds = wildcard.getLowerBounds();
      checkArgument(lowerBounds.length <= 1, "Wildcard cannot have more than one lower bounds.");
      if (lowerBounds.length == 1) {
        return supertypeOf(newArrayType(lowerBounds[0]));
      } else {
        Type[] upperBounds = wildcard.getUpperBounds();

import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoSettings;
import org.mockito.quality.Strictness;

/**
 * Tests for SmbTree interface.
 * This test class covers all methods of the SmbTree interface using Mockito for mocking.
 */
@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
@MockitoSettings(strictness = Strictness.LENIENT)
class SmbTreeTest {

    @Mock
    private SmbTree smbTree;

server: the port number, HTTPS settings, and preferred network protocols (like HTTP/2).

URLs that share the same address may also share the same underlying TCP socket connection. Sharing a connection has substantial performance benefits: lower latency, higher throughput (due to [TCP slow start](https://www.igvita.com/2011/10/20/faster-web-vs-tcp-slow-start/)) and conserved battery. OkHttp uses a [ConnectionPool](https://square.github.io/okhttp/4.x/okhttp/okhttp3/-connection-pool/) that automatically...

/// info

Keep in mind that dataclasses can't do everything Pydantic models can do.

So, you might still need to use Pydantic models.

But if you have a bunch of dataclasses laying around, this is a nice trick to use them to power a web API using FastAPI. 🤓

///

## Dataclasses in `response_model` { #dataclasses-in-response-model }

You can also use `dataclasses` in the `response_model` parameter:

* `minimum_size` - Do not GZip responses that are smaller than this minimum size in bytes. Defaults to `500`.
* `compresslevel` - Used during GZip compression. It is an integer ranging from 1 to 9. Defaults to `9`. Lower value results in faster compression but larger file sizes, while higher value results in slower compression but smaller file sizes.

## Other middlewares { #other-middlewares }

There are many other ASGI middlewares.

 * non-ASCII input.
 *
 * @author Mike Bostock
 * @since 1.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public enum CaseFormat {
  /**
   * Hyphenated variable naming convention, e.g., "lower-hyphen". This format is also colloquially
   * known as "kebab case".
   */
  LOWER_HYPHEN(CharMatcher.is('-'), "-") {
    @Override
    String normalizeWord(String word) {
      return Ascii.toLowerCase(word);
    }