`Optional[Something]` насправді є скороченням для `Union[Something, None]`, вони еквівалентні.

Це також означає, що в Python 3.10 ви можете використовувати `Something | None`:

//// tab | Python 3.8 і вище

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
```

////

   *
   * ```
   * [5] EXPLICIT UTF8String
   * ```
   *
   * @param forceConstructed non-null to set the constructed bit to the specified value, even if the
   *     writing process sets something else. This is used to encode SEQUENCES in values that are
   *     declared to have non-constructed values, like OCTET STRING values.
   */
  @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") // read() produces a single element of the expected type.

///

/// tip

- plugin dependency metadata missing
- plugin dependency metadata retrieval problem
- plugin configuration problem
- plugin execution failure due to something that is know to possibly go wrong (like compilation failure)
- plugin execution error due to something that is not expected to go wrong (the compiler executable missing)
- asking to use a plugin for which you do not have a version defined - tools to easily select versions

     * to suppress (as we do now), stop testing entrySet().add() at all, make
     * entrySet().add() tests tolerant of either behavior, introduce a map
     * feature for entrySet() that supports add(), or something else
     */
    return asList(
        getAddUnsupportedNotPresentMethod(),
        getAddAllUnsupportedNonePresentMethod(),
        getAddAllUnsupportedSomePresentMethod());
  }

  @Override

```

////

Let's focus on the parameters declared:

* Even though this function is a dependency ("dependable") itself, it also declares another dependency (it "depends" on something else).
    * It depends on the `query_extractor`, and assigns the value returned by it to the parameter `q`.
* It also declares an optional `last_query` cookie, as a `str`.

   * characters). That is consistent with {@link InetAddress}, but not with various RFCs. If you
   * want to accept ASCII digits only, you can use something like {@code
   * CharMatcher.ascii().matchesAllOf(ipString)}.
   *
   * <p>The scope ID is validated against the interfaces on the machine, which requires permissions
   * under Android.
   *

	if err := DB.Create(&user).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
	}

	var result struct {
		Something string
		User
	}

	DB.Model(User{}).Preload("Account", clause.Eq{Column: "number", Value: user.Account.Number}).Select(
		"users.*, 'yo' as something").First(&result, "name = ?", user.Name)

	CheckUser(t, user, result.User)
}

func TestNestedPreloadWithUnscoped(t *testing.T) {

  // HashCode on an existing OutputStream, compared to creating a separate OutputStream that could
  // be (optionally) be combined with another if needed (with something like
  // MultiplexingOutputStream).
  public HashingOutputStream(HashFunction hashFunction, OutputStream out) {
    super(checkNotNull(out));
    this.hasher = checkNotNull(hashFunction.newHasher());
  }

            throws ProjectBuildingException;

    // TODO this is only to provide a project for plugins that don't need a project to execute but need some
    // of the values from a MavenProject. Ideally this should be something internal and nothing outside Maven
    // would ever need this so it should not be exposed in a public API
    MavenProject buildStandaloneSuperProject(ProjectBuilderConfiguration configuration) throws ProjectBuildingException;