assertOperationEquals(
            a, b, "s^", saturatedCast(valueOf(a).pow(b)), LongMath.saturatedPow(a, b));
      }
    }
  }

  private void assertOperationEquals(long a, long b, String op, long expected, long actual) {
    if (expected != actual) {
      fail("Expected for " + a + " " + op + " " + b + " = " + expected + ", but got " + actual);
    }
  }

# 查询参数和字符串校验 { #query-parameters-and-string-validations }

**FastAPI** 允许你为参数声明额外的信息和校验。

让我们以下面的应用为例：

{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial001_py310.py hl[7] *}

查询参数 `q` 的类型为 `str | None`，这意味着它是 `str` 类型，但也可以是 `None`。其默认值确实为 `None`，所以 FastAPI 会知道它不是必填的。

/// note | 注意

FastAPI 会因为默认值 `= None` 而知道 `q` 的值不是必填的。

将类型标注为 `str | None` 能让你的编辑器提供更好的辅助和错误检测。

///

## 额外校验 { #additional-validation }

    public <T extends @Nullable Object> T[] toArray(T[] array) {
      return standardToArray(array);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return standardToString();
    }
  }

  @LazyInit private transient @Nullable Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet;

  @Override
  public Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {

hPrefix }} {{- end }} {{- end }} {{- range $key, $val := .Values.environment }} - name: {{ $key }} value: {{ $val | quote }} {{- end}} resources: {{ toYaml .Values.resources | indent 12 }} {{- with .Values.extraContainers }} {{- if eq (typeOf .) "string" }} {{- tpl . $ | nindent 8 }} {{- else }} {{- toYaml . | nindent 8 }} {{- end }} {{- end }} {{- with .Values.nodeSelector }} nodeSelector: {{ toYaml . | indent 8 }} {{- end }} {{- include "minio.imagePullSecrets" . | indent 6 }} {{- with .Values.affinity...

  }

  public void testHash() throws IOException {
    ByteSource byteSource = new TestByteSource("hamburger\n".getBytes(US_ASCII));

    // Pasted this expected string from `echo hamburger | sha512sum`
    assertThat(byteSource.hash(sha512()).toString())
        .isEqualTo(

          && totalLoadTime == other.totalLoadTime
          && evictionCount == other.evictionCount;
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this)
        .add("hitCount", hitCount)
        .add("missCount", missCount)
        .add("loadSuccessCount", loadSuccessCount)

          && totalLoadTime == other.totalLoadTime
          && evictionCount == other.evictionCount;
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this)
        .add("hitCount", hitCount)
        .add("missCount", missCount)
        .add("loadSuccessCount", loadSuccessCount)

      return delegate.equals(object);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      refreshIfEmpty();
      return delegate.hashCode();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      refreshIfEmpty();
      return delegate.toString();
    }

    Collection<V> getDelegate() {
      return delegate;
    }

    @Override
    public Iterator<V> iterator() {

            return TestingExecutors.noOpScheduledExecutor();
          }

          @Override
          protected void runOneIteration() throws Exception {}

          @Override
          protected String serviceName() {
            return "Foo";
          }
        };
    TimeoutException e =
        assertThrows(
            TimeoutException.class, () -> service.startAsync().awaitRunning(1, MILLISECONDS));

            return TestingExecutors.noOpScheduledExecutor();
          }

          @Override
          protected void runOneIteration() throws Exception {}

          @Override
          protected String serviceName() {
            return "Foo";
          }
        };
    TimeoutException e =
        assertThrows(
            TimeoutException.class, () -> service.startAsync().awaitRunning(1, MILLISECONDS));