* colliding threads.  Because search is random, and collisions
   * only become known via CAS failures, convergence can be slow,
   * and because threads are typically not bound to CPUS forever,
   * may not occur at all. However, despite these limitations,
   * observed contention rates are typically low in these cases.
   *
   * It is possible for a Cell to become unused when threads that
   * once hashed to it terminate, as well as in the case where

 *     thingToRun.run(); // say this may throw an exception, but you want to
 *                       // always run all thingsToRun
 *   }
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>This is what the code would become:
 *
 * <pre>
 * void runManyThings({@literal List<ThingToRun>} thingsToRun) {
 *   {@literal List<Exception>} exceptions = Lists.newArrayList();
 *   for (ThingToRun thingToRun : thingsToRun) {
 *     try {

   * subsequent requests being smoothly limited at the stable rate of {@code permitsPerSecond}.
   *
   * @param permitsPerSecond the rate of the returned {@code RateLimiter}, measured in how many
   *     permits become available per second
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code permitsPerSecond} is negative or zero
   */
  // TODO(user): "This is equivalent to
  // {@code createWithCapacity(permitsPerSecond, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)}".

    // 3) array has no space available
    //
    // In case 2 we shift the existing chars to the left, and in case 3 we create a bigger
    // array, then they both become case 1.

    if (availableCapacity(charBuffer) == 0) {
      if (charBuffer.position() > 0) {
        // (2) There is room in the buffer. Move existing bytes to the beginning.

   * includes exceptional exits, so all control paths involving signalling must be protected by a
   * finally block.
   *
   * Further optimizations of this algorithm become increasingly subtle. A wait that terminates
   * without the guard being satisfied (due to timeout, but not interrupt) can then immediately exit

  /**
   * Returns the identity function.
   *
   * <p><b>Discouraged:</b> Prefer using a lambda like {@code v -> v}, which is shorter and often
   * more readable.
   */
  // implementation is "fully variant"; E has become a "pass-through" type
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public static <E extends @Nullable Object> Function<E, E> identity() {
    return (Function<E, E>) IdentityFunction.INSTANCE;
  }

  // enum singleton pattern

    // places left to rotate.
    int m = -distance % length;
    m = (m < 0) ? m + length : m;
    // The current index of what will become the first element of the rotated section.
    int newFirstIndex = m + fromIndex;
    if (newFirstIndex == fromIndex) {
      return;
    }

    reverse(array, fromIndex, newFirstIndex);

   * transitionService in the wrong order due to a race. Due to the fact that it is a race this test
   * isn't guaranteed to expose the issue, but it is at least likely to become flaky if the race
   * sneaks back in, and in this case flaky means something is definitely wrong.
   *
   * <p>Before the bug was fixed this test would fail at least 30% of the time.
   */

    // launched by this test is either:
    //
    // (a) Blocked attempting to enter the monitor.
    // (b) Waiting for the single guard to become satisfied.
    // (c) Occupying the monitor and awaiting the tearDownLatch.
    //
    // Except for (c), every thread should occupy the monitor very briefly, and every thread leaves

 *       <i>removing</i> that key from the multimap.
 *   <li>The total entry count is available as {@link #size}.
 *   <li>Many complex operations become easier; for example, {@code
 *       Collections.min(multimap.values())} finds the smallest value across all keys.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h3>Implementations</h3>
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>{@link ImmutableListMultimap}