* **Uvicorn**:
    * Will have the best performance, as it doesn't have much extra code apart from the server itself.

In fact, in some cases, it will even have **two JSON Schemas** in OpenAPI for the same Pydantic model, for input and output, depending on if they have **default values**.

Let's see how that works and how to change it if you need to do that.

## Pydantic Models for Input and Output

Let's say you have a Pydantic model with default values, like this one:

=== "Python 3.10+"

<blockquote markdown="1">

**FastAPI** wouldn't exist if not for the previous work of others.

There have been many tools created before that have helped inspire its creation.

I have been avoiding the creation of a new framework for several years. First I tried to solve all the features covered by **FastAPI** using many different frameworks, plug-ins, and tools.

	// Offset and out size cannot be negative.
	if offset < 0 || length < 0 {
		return 0, errUnexpected
	}

	// Do we have enough blocks?
	if len(enBlocks) < dataBlocks {
		return 0, reedsolomon.ErrTooFewShards
	}

	// Do we have enough data?
	if int64(getDataBlockLen(enBlocks, dataBlocks)) < length {
		return 0, reedsolomon.ErrShortData
	}

	// Counter to decrement total left to write.

	if sepIndex == -1 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("'%s' does not have a valid range value", rangeString)
	}

	offsetBeginString := byteRangeString[:sepIndex]
	offsetBegin := int64(-1)
	// Convert offsetBeginString only if its not empty.
	if len(offsetBeginString) > 0 {
		if offsetBeginString[0] == '+' {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Byte position ('%s') must not have a sign", offsetBeginString)

// ClusterTrustBundles by default.  Users who only have namespace-level access
// to a cluster can read ClusterTrustBundles by impersonating a serviceaccount
// that they have access to.
//
// It can be optionally associated with a particular assigner, in which case it
// contains one valid set of trust anchors for that signer. Signers may have

# Extra Models

Continuing with the previous example, it will be common to have more than one related model.

This is especially the case for user models, because:

* The **input model** needs to be able to have a password.
* The **output model** should not have a password.
* The **database model** would probably need to have a hashed password.

!!! danger
    Never store user's plaintext passwords. Always store a "secure hash" that you can then verify.

  /*
   * Ideally, this class would have exposed only constructors that require a non-null cause. See
   * https://github.com/jspecify/jspecify-reference-checker/blob/61aafa4ae52594830cfc2d61c8b113009dbdb045/src/main/java/com/google/jspecify/nullness/NullSpecTransfer.java#L789
   * and https://github.com/jspecify/jspecify/issues/490.
   *
   * (Perhaps it should also have required that its cause was a RuntimeException. However, that

Do you want to have an `id` and `email` and not have any `username` in your model? Sure. You can use these same tools.

Do you want to just have a `str`? Or just a `dict`? Or a database class model instance directly? It all works the same way.

You actually don't have users that log in to your application but robots, bots, or other systems, that have just an access token? Again, it all works the same.

  /*
   * Ideally, this class would have exposed only constructors that require a non-null cause. See
   * https://github.com/jspecify/jspecify-reference-checker/blob/61aafa4ae52594830cfc2d61c8b113009dbdb045/src/main/java/com/google/jspecify/nullness/NullSpecTransfer.java#L789
   * and https://github.com/jspecify/jspecify/issues/490.
   *
   * (That would also have ensured that its cause was always an Error, rather than possibly another