from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()

media_type = "application/vnd.api+json"


# NOTE: These are not valid JSON:API resources
# but they are fine for testing requestBody with custom media_type
class Product(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float


class Shop(BaseModel):
    name: str


@app.post("/products")

No more typing the wrong key names, coming back and forth between docs, or scrolling up and down to find if you finally used `username` or `user_name`.

### Short

It has sensible **defaults** for everything, with optional configurations everywhere. All the parameters can be fine-tuned to do what you need and to define the API you need.

But by default, it all **"just works"**.

### Validation

---

Imagine you are the computer / program 🤖 in that story.

While you are at the line, you are just idle 😴, waiting for your turn, not doing anything very "productive". But the line is fast because the cashier is only taking the orders (not preparing them), so that's fine.

# OAuth2 scopes

You can use OAuth2 scopes directly with **FastAPI**, they are integrated to work seamlessly.

This would allow you to have a more fine-grained permission system, following the OAuth2 standard, integrated into your OpenAPI application (and the API docs).

OAuth2 with scopes is the mechanism used by many big authentication providers, like Facebook, Google, GitHub, Microsoft, Twitter, etc. They use it to provide specific permissions to users and applications.

    ```

!!! info
    `File` ist eine Klasse, die direkt von `Form` erbt.

    Aber erinnern Sie sich, dass, wenn Sie `Query`, `Path`,  `File` und andere von `fastapi` importieren, diese tatsächlich Funktionen sind, welche spezielle Klassen zurückgeben

!!! tip "Tipp"

        ..., callback=lang_callback, autocompletion=complete_existing_lang
    ),
) -> None:
    """
    Build the docs for a language.
    """
    insiders_env_file = os.environ.get("INSIDERS_FILE")
    print(f"Insiders file {insiders_env_file}")
    if is_mkdocs_insiders():
        print("Using insiders")
    lang_path: Path = Path("docs") / lang
    if not lang_path.is_dir():

Here, the `shutdown` event handler function will write a text line `"Application shutdown"` to a file `log.txt`.

!!! info
    In the `open()` function, the `mode="a"` means "append", so, the line will be added after whatever is on that file, without overwriting the previous contents.

!!! tip
    Notice that in this case we are using a standard Python `open()` function that interacts with a file.

Then we can test that it is used.

## Reading a `.env` file

If you have many settings that possibly change a lot, maybe in different environments, it might be useful to put them on a file and then read them from it as if they were environment variables.

This practice is common enough that it has a name, these environment variables are commonly placed in a file `.env`, and the file is called a "dotenv".

!!! tip

```

In this example, we are "connecting" to a SQLite database (opening a file with the SQLite database).

The file will be located at the same directory in the file `sql_app.db`.

That's why the last part is `./sql_app.db`.

If you were using a **PostgreSQL** database instead, you would just have to uncomment the line:

```Python
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
```

# Benutzerdefinierte Responseklassen – File, HTML, Redirect, Streaming, usw.

Es gibt mehrere benutzerdefinierte Responseklassen, von denen Sie eine Instanz erstellen und diese direkt von Ihren *Pfadoperationen* zurückgeben können.

Lesen Sie mehr darüber in der [FastAPI-Dokumentation zu benutzerdefinierten Responses – HTML, Stream, Datei, andere](../advanced/custom-response.md).

Sie können diese direkt von `fastapi.responses` importieren:

```python