),
    ] = _Unset,
    openapi_examples: Annotated[
        Optional[Dict[str, Example]],
        Doc(
            """
            OpenAPI-specific examples.

            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).

            Swagger UI (that provides the `/docs` interface) has better support for the
            OpenAPI-specific examples than the JSON Schema `examples`, that's the main

So, the prefix in this case is `/items`.

We can also add a list of `tags` and extra `responses` that will be applied to all the *path operations* included in this router.

And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them.

!!! tip

If you added the return type annotation, tools and editors would complain with a (correct) error telling you that your function is returning a type (e.g. a dict) that is different from what you declared (e.g. a Pydantic model).

It is also commonly used for other applications that don't necessarily need a database, user management, or any of the many features that come pre-built in Django. Although many of these features can be added with plug-ins.

This decoupling of parts, and being a "microframework" that could be extended to cover exactly what is needed was a key feature that I wanted to keep.

Before OpenAPI 3.1.0, OpenAPI used an older and modified version of **JSON Schema**.

JSON Schema didn't have `examples`, so OpenAPI added it's own `example` field to its own modified version.

OpenAPI also added `example` and `examples` fields to other parts of the specification:

* An optional query parameter `limit` that is an `int`, and by default is `100`.

And then it just returns a `dict` containing those values.

!!! info
    FastAPI added support for `Annotated` (and started recommending it) in version 0.95.0.

    If you have an older version, you would get errors when trying to use `Annotated`.

The key updated docs are:

* Python Types Intro:
    * [Type Hints with Metadata Annotations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/python-types/#type-hints-with-metadata-annotations).

```

Here, the `shutdown` event handler function will write a text line `"Application shutdown"` to a file `log.txt`.

!!! info
    In the `open()` function, the `mode="a"` means "append", so, the line will be added after whatever is on that file, without overwriting the previous contents.

!!! tip
    Notice that in this case we are using a standard Python `open()` function that interacts with a file.

!!! info
    The `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm` is not a special class for **FastAPI** as is `OAuth2PasswordBearer`.

    `OAuth2PasswordBearer` makes **FastAPI** know that it is a security scheme. So it is added that way to OpenAPI.

    But `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm` is just a class dependency that you could have written yourself, or you could have declared `Form` parameters directly.

    * Although it's probably not very problematic here with the way `SQLAlchemy` works.
    * But if you added more code to the middleware that had a lot of <abbr title="input and output">I/O</abbr> waiting, it could then be problematic.
* A middleware is run for *every* request.
    * So, a connection will be created for every request.