# 自定义请求与 APIRoute 类

有时，我们要覆盖 `Request` 与 `APIRoute` 类使用的逻辑。

尤其是中间件里的逻辑。

例如，在应用处理请求体前，预先读取或操控请求体。

!!! danger "危险"

    本章内容**较难**。

    **FastAPI** 新手可跳过本章。

## 用例

常见用例如下：

* 把 <a href="https://msgpack.org/index.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`msgpack`</a> 等非 JSON 请求体转换为 JSON
* 解压 gzip 压缩的请求体
* 自动记录所有请求体的日志

## 处理自定义请求体编码

下面学习如何使用自定义 `Request` 子类压缩 gizp 请求。

Vous verrez la documentation interactive automatique de l'API (fournie par <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>) :

!!! info
    你还可以使用：

    * `response_model_exclude_defaults=True`
    * `response_model_exclude_none=True`

    参考 <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/serialization/#modeldict" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic 文档</a> 中对 `exclude_defaults` 和 `exclude_none` 的描述。

!!! info "情報"
    以下も使用することができます:

    * `response_model_exclude_defaults=True`
    * `response_model_exclude_none=True`

    `exclude_defaults`と`exclude_none`については、<a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/serialization/#modeldict" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydanticのドキュメント</a>で説明されている通りです。

!!! danger
    This is an "advanced" feature.

    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this section.

## Use cases

Some use cases include:

* Converting non-JSON request bodies to JSON (e.g. <a href="https://msgpack.org/index.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`msgpack`</a>).
* Decompressing gzip-compressed request bodies.

🎯, 👉 5️⃣📆 👍 🎛 ⚛ 🛠️.

🖼, 🚥 👆 💚 ✍ ⚖️ 🔬 📨 💪 ⏭ ⚫️ 🛠️ 👆 🈸.

!!! danger
    👉 "🏧" ⚒.

    🚥 👆 ▶️ ⏮️ **FastAPI** 👆 💪 💚 🚶 👉 📄.

## ⚙️ 💼

⚙️ 💼 🔌:

* 🏭 🚫-🎻 📨 💪 🎻 (✅ <a href="https://msgpack.org/index.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`msgpack`</a>).
* 🗜 🗜-🗜 📨 💪.
* 🔁 🚨 🌐 📨 💪.

## 🚚 🛃 📨 💪 🔢

!!! danger "Gefahr"
    Dies ist eine „fortgeschrittene“ Funktion.

    Wenn Sie gerade erst mit **FastAPI** beginnen, möchten Sie diesen Abschnitt vielleicht überspringen.

## Anwendungsfälle

Einige Anwendungsfälle sind:

* Konvertieren von Nicht-JSON-Requestbodys nach JSON (z. B. <a href="https://msgpack.org/index.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`msgpack`</a>).

* The **database model** would probably need to have a hashed password.

!!! danger
    Never store user's plaintext passwords. Always store a "secure hash" that you can then verify.

    If you don't know, you will learn what a "password hash" is in the [security chapters](security/simple-oauth2.md#password-hashing){.internal-link target=_blank}.

## Multiple models

## Example

For a simple example, let's consider a file structure similar to the one described in [Bigger Applications](../tutorial/bigger-applications.md){.internal-link target=_blank} and [Testing](../tutorial/testing.md){.internal-link target=_blank}:

```
.
├── app
│   ├── __init__.py

* O **modelo de banco de dados** provavelmente precisaria ter uma senha criptografada.

!!! danger
    Nunca armazene senhas em texto simples dos usuários. Sempre armazene uma "hash segura" que você pode verificar depois.

    Se não souber, você aprenderá o que é uma "senha hash" nos [capítulos de segurança](security/simple-oauth2.md#password-hashing){.internal-link target=_blank}.

## Múltiplos modelos