from unicorn import UnicornMiddleware

app = FastAPI()

app.add_middleware(UnicornMiddleware, some_config="rainbow")
```

`app.add_middleware()` receives a middleware class as the first argument and any additional arguments to be passed to the middleware.

## Integrated middlewares { #integrated-middlewares }

**FastAPI** includes several middlewares for common use cases, we'll see next how to use them.

### `Union` in Python 3.10 { #union-in-python-3-10 }

In this example we pass `Union[PlaneItem, CarItem]` as the value of the argument `response_model`.

Because we are passing it as a **value to an argument** instead of putting it in a **type annotation**, we have to use `Union` even in Python 3.10.

If it was in a type annotation we could have used the vertical bar, as:

```Python

You can configure some extra <a href="https://swagger.io/docs/open-source-tools/swagger-ui/usage/configuration/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI parameters</a>.

To configure them, pass the `swagger_ui_parameters` argument when creating the `FastAPI()` app object or to the `get_swagger_ui_html()` function.

`swagger_ui_parameters` receives a dictionary with the configurations passed to Swagger UI directly.

                  <goal>exec</goal>
                </goals>
                <configuration>
                  <executable>echo</executable>
                  <arguments>
                    <argument>${javaHome}</argument>
                  </arguments>
                  <outputFile>${project.build.directory}/java_11_home</outputFile>
                </configuration>
              </execution>
            </executions>

                  <goal>exec</goal>
                </goals>
                <configuration>
                  <executable>echo</executable>
                  <arguments>
                    <argument>${javaHome}</argument>
                  </arguments>
                  <outputFile>${project.build.directory}/java_11_home</outputFile>
                </configuration>
              </execution>
            </executions>

## Add `dependencies` to the *path operation decorator* { #add-dependencies-to-the-path-operation-decorator }

The *path operation decorator* receives an optional argument `dependencies`.

It should be a `list` of `Depends()`:

{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py39.py hl[19] *}

# Parameter Path

"parameter" atau "variabel" path didefinisikan dengan sintaksis Python format string:

{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial001.py hl[6:7] *}

Nilai parameter path `item_id` akan dikirim ke fungsi sebagai argument `item_id`:

Jika anda menjalankan contoh berikut dan kunjungi <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo</a>, anda akan melihat respon:

```JSON

For example you could have a file `main.py` with:

```Python hl_lines="3"
import os

name = os.getenv("MY_NAME", "World")
print(f"Hello {name} from Python")
```

/// tip

The second argument to <a href="https://docs.python.org/3.8/library/os.html#os.getenv" class="external-link" target="_blank">`os.getenv()`</a> is the default value to return.

{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial001.py hl[6:7] *}

Der Wert des Pfad-Parameters `item_id` wird Ihrer Funktion als das Argument `item_id` übergeben.

Wenn Sie dieses Beispiel ausführen und auf <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo</a> gehen, sehen Sie als Response:

```JSON

///

The only new thing is the `callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes` as an argument to the *path operation decorator*. We'll see what that is next.

## Documenting the callback { #documenting-the-callback }

The actual callback code will depend heavily on your own API app.