// filter flags

    /**
     * Any file name change in the watched directory or subtree causes a change notification wait operation to return.
     * Changes include renaming, creating, or deleting a file.
     */
    int FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_FILE_NAME = 0x00000001;

    /**
     * Any directory-name change in the watched directory or subtree causes a change notification wait operation to

                final Throwable[] causes = mcae.getCauses();
                if (causes.length > 0) {
                    t = causes[causes.length - 1];
                }
            }

            String errorName;
            final Throwable cause = t.getCause();
            if (cause != null) {
                errorName = cause.getClass().getCanonicalName();
            } else {

    // the slower pointer, then there's a loop.
    Throwable slowPointer = throwable;
    boolean advanceSlowPointer = false;

    Throwable cause;
    while ((cause = throwable.getCause()) != null) {
      throwable = cause;
      causes.add(throwable);

      if (throwable == slowPointer) {

 * This exception holds an array of Throwable objects representing the individual causes.
 * It extends CrawlingAccessException and provides methods to print the stack traces of all causes.
 *
 */
public class MultipleCrawlingAccessException extends CrawlingAccessException {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    /**
     * The array of throwables that caused this exception.
     */
    private final Throwable[] throwables;

public abstract class ThreadUtil {

    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ThreadUtil.class);

    /**
     * Do not instantiate.
     */
    protected ThreadUtil() {
    }

    /**
     * Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds.
     *
     * @param millis
     *            the length of time to sleep in milliseconds

        assertEquals("Malformed kerberos ticket", exception.getMessage(), "The exception message should indicate a malformed ticket.");
    }

    /**
     * Test constructor with an empty token.
     * Empty token causes readObject() to return null, which leads to NullPointerException.
     */
    @Test
    void testConstructor_EmptyToken() {
        // 1. GIVEN
        byte[] emptyToken = new byte[0];

            executionOrder.clear();
        }
    }

    // Test class that causes NullPointerException
    private static class NullPointerScoreBooster extends ScoreBooster {
        @Override
        public long process() {
            // This will cause NullPointerException when auto-unboxing
            Long nullValue = null;
            return nullValue;
        }
    }

    }

    public void test_constructor_withCause() {
        // Test with cause only
        Exception cause = new IllegalStateException("Underlying error");
        DataStoreException exception = new DataStoreException(cause);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("java.lang.IllegalStateException: Underlying error", exception.getMessage());

        // Test constructor with null message but valid cause
        Exception cause = new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid argument");
        DictionaryException exception = new DictionaryException(null, cause);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
    }

  }

  /** Test that giving a null 'safeChars' string causes a {@link NullPointerException}. */
  public void testBadArguments_null() {
    assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> new PercentEscaper(null, false));
  }

  /**
   * Tests that specifying any alphanumeric characters as 'safe' causes an {@link
   * IllegalArgumentException}.
   */
  public void testBadArguments_badchars() {