Throwable cause1 = exception.getCause();
        assertNotNull(cause1);
        assertTrue(cause1 instanceof IOException);
        assertEquals("Level 1 error", cause1.getMessage());

        Throwable cause2 = cause1.getCause();
        assertNotNull(cause2);
        assertTrue(cause2 instanceof IllegalStateException);
        assertEquals("Level 2 error", cause2.getMessage());

        });

        // Test throwing and catching with cause
        RuntimeException cause = new RuntimeException("Cause");
        TransportException thrown = assertThrows(TransportException.class, () -> {
            throw new TransportException(cause);
        });
        assertEquals(cause, thrown.getCause());

        // Test throwing and catching with message and cause

        // Test constructor with null message but valid cause
        Exception cause = new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid argument");
        DictionaryException exception = new DictionaryException(null, cause);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
    }

    @Test

        // Expect the message to be set correctly and cause to be null
        assertEquals(errorMessage, e.getMessage());
        assertNull(e.getCause());
    }

    /**
     * Test the constructor with a cause.
     */
    @Test
    void testCauseConstructor() {
        Throwable cause = new RuntimeException("Root cause");
        PACDecodingException e = new PACDecodingException(cause);

        // Arrange - use a real cause so message is derived from cause.toString()
        Throwable cause = new IllegalStateException("proto mismatch");
        String expectedMessage = cause.toString();

        // Act
        SMBProtocolDowngradeException ex = new SMBProtocolDowngradeException(cause);

        // Assert - cause preserved, message derived from cause
        assertSame(cause, ex.getCause());

  /**
   * Creates a new instance with the given detail message and cause. Prefer to provide a
   * non-nullable {@code cause}, as many users expect to find one.
   */
  public UncheckedExecutionException(@Nullable String message, @Nullable Throwable cause) {
    super(message, cause);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new instance with {@code null} as its detail message and the given cause. Prefer to

        assertTrue(exception.aborted());

        // Verify the cause chain
        Throwable cause1 = exception.getCause();
        assertTrue(cause1 instanceof RuntimeException);

        Throwable cause2 = cause1.getCause();
        assertTrue(cause2 instanceof AssertionError);

        Throwable cause3 = cause2.getCause();
        assertTrue(cause3 instanceof NullPointerException);
    }

    @Test

   * non-nullable {@code cause}, as many users expect to find one.
   */
  public ExecutionError(@Nullable String message, @Nullable Error cause) {
    super(message, cause);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new instance with {@code null} as its detail message and the given cause. Prefer to
   * provide a non-nullable {@code cause}, as many users expect to find one.
   */

        super(project, execTime, wallTime);
        this.cause = cause;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the cause of the build failure.
     *
     * @return The cause of the build failure or {@code null} if unknown.
     */
    public Throwable getCause() {
        return cause;
    }

        }
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Cause-only constructor: preserves provided cause; no interactions with cause")
    void causeOnlyConstructor_preservesCause_andNoInteractions() {
        // Arrange & Act
        SMBProtocolDecodingException ex = new SMBProtocolDecodingException(mockCause);

        // Assert cause propagation
        assertSame(mockCause, ex.getCause(), "Cause should be exactly the provided instance");