assertEquals(128, new NdrShort(-128).value); // -128 & 0xFF = 128
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should maintain value consistency after multiple constructions")
        void testValueConsistency() {
            // Given: Same input value
            int inputValue = 1000;
            int expectedMasked = inputValue & 0xFF; // 232

     * empty at any point. (The sum ensures accuracy up through at least 1<<31 per-segment
     * modifications before recheck.)  Method containsValue() uses similar constructions for
     * stability checks.
     */
    long sum = 0L;
    Segment<K, V, E, S>[] segments = this.segments;
    for (int i = 0; i < segments.length; ++i) {
      if (segments[i].count != 0) {

        assertNotNull(ex.toString(), "toString should be non-null");
        ex.getMessage(); // don't assert content to avoid implementation assumptions

        // Verify no interactions happened with the mocked cause during construction/access
        verifyNoInteractions(mockCause);
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Cause-only constructor with null: null cause maintained")
    void causeOnlyConstructor_acceptsNull() {
        // Arrange & Act

        return Stream.of(Arguments.of((String) null), Arguments.of(""));
    }

    /**
     * Validate message+cause constructor and that no interaction with cause occurs during construction.
     */
    @Test
    @DisplayName("String+Throwable ctor: sets message, cause and unsuccessful status")
    void messageAndCauseConstructor_setsFields(@Mock Throwable mockCause) {
        // Arrange

        // Act & Assert
        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> handler.openConnection(null), "Null URL should throw NPE");
        verify(mockCtx, never()).getConfig(); // no interaction expected on failure before construction
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("openConnection uses SingletonContext when no context provided")
    void testOpenConnection_UsesSingletonContext() throws Exception {
        // Arrange

    }

    @Nested
    @DisplayName("Invalid constructor inputs")
    class InvalidInputs {
        @Test
        @DisplayName("Null delegate causes NullPointerException during construction")
        void nullDelegate_throwsNPE() throws Exception {
            SmbFile parent = newParent();
            assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> new ShareEnumIterator(parent, null, null));
        }

    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Sets distinct values for {@code type}, so that when a class {@code Foo} is tested for {@link
   * Object#equals} and {@link Object#hashCode}, and its construction requires a parameter of {@code
   * type}, the distinct values of {@code type} can be passed as parameters to create {@code Foo}
   * instances that are unequal.
   *

    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Sets distinct values for {@code type}, so that when a class {@code Foo} is tested for {@link
   * Object#equals} and {@link Object#hashCode}, and its construction requires a parameter of {@code
   * type}, the distinct values of {@code type} can be passed as parameters to create {@code Foo}
   * instances that are unequal.
   *

  }

  private static <X extends Exception> List<Constructor<X>> preferringStringsThenThrowables(
      List<Constructor<X>> constructors) {
    return WITH_STRING_PARAM_THEN_WITH_THROWABLE_PARAM.sortedCopy(constructors);
  }

  // TODO: b/296487962 - Consider defining a total order over constructors.
  private static final Ordering<List<Class<?>>> ORDERING_BY_CONSTRUCTOR_PARAMETER_LIST =
      Ordering.natural()

    // Test successful PAC creation with mocked Pac construction
    @Test
    void testConstructorSuccess() throws PACDecodingException {
        // Setup key
        byte[] keyBytes = new byte[32];
        KerberosKey kdcKey = new KerberosKey(null, keyBytes, PacSignature.HMAC_SHA1_96_AES256, 1);
        keys.put(PacSignature.ETYPE_AES256_CTS_HMAC_SHA1_96, kdcKey);

        // Mock Pac construction to bypass complex validation