import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import java.util.logging.Level;

/**
 * Base class for services that can implement {@link #startUp}, {@link #run} and {@link #shutDown}
 * methods. This class uses a single thread to execute the service; consider {@link AbstractService}
 * if you would like to manage any threading manually.
 *

import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;

/**
 * Base class for implementing services that can handle {@link #doStart} and {@link #doStop}
 * requests, responding to them with {@link #notifyStarted()} and {@link #notifyStopped()}
 * callbacks. Its subclasses must manage threads manually; consider {@link

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

/**
 * An object with an operational state, plus asynchronous {@link #startAsync()} and {@link
 * #stopAsync()} lifecycle methods to transition between states. Example services include
 * webservers, RPC servers and timers.
 *
 * <p>The normal lifecycle of a service is:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>{@linkplain State#NEW NEW} -&gt;
 *   <li>{@linkplain State#STARTING STARTING} -&gt;

 * expressed as {@code y = m * x + c} for finite {@code m} and {@code c}, unless it is a vertical
 * transformation in which case {@code x} has a constant value for all {@code y}. In the
 * non-vertical case, {@code m} is the slope of the transformation (and a horizontal transformation
 * has zero slope).
 *
 * @author Pete Gillin
 * @since 20.0
 */

   */
  public void testTransitionRace() throws TimeoutException {
    for (int k = 0; k < 1000; k++) {
      List<Service> services = Lists.newArrayList();
      for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        services.add(new SnappyShutdownService(i));
      }
      ServiceManager manager = new ServiceManager(services);
      manager.startAsync().awaitHealthy();
      manager.stopAsync().awaitStopped(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    }
  }

   * </pre>
   *
   * Before going into the details of this particular function, let's keep in mind the basics:
   *
   * <ol>
   *   <li>The state of the RateLimiter (storedPermits) is a vertical line in this figure.
   *   <li>When the RateLimiter is not used, this goes right (up to maxPermits)
   *   <li>When the RateLimiter is used, this goes left (down to zero), since if we have

  private final ImmutableList<Service> services;

  /**
   * Constructs a new instance for managing the given services.
   *
   * @param services The services to manage
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if not all services are {@linkplain State#NEW new} or if there
   *     are any duplicate services.
   */
  public ServiceManager(Iterable<? extends Service> services) {

  private final ImmutableList<Service> services;

  /**
   * Constructs a new instance for managing the given services.
   *
   * @param services The services to manage
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if not all services are {@linkplain State#NEW new} or if there
   *     are any duplicate services.
   */
  public ServiceManager(Iterable<? extends Service> services) {

 * expressed as {@code y = m * x + c} for finite {@code m} and {@code c}, unless it is a vertical
 * transformation in which case {@code x} has a constant value for all {@code y}. In the
 * non-vertical case, {@code m} is the slope of the transformation (and a horizontal transformation
 * has zero slope).
 *
 * @author Pete Gillin
 * @since 20.0
 */

   * xStats().populationVariance() > 0.0 || yStats().populationVariance() > 0.0}). The result is
   * guaranteed to be horizontal if there is variance in the {@code x} data but not the {@code y}
   * data, and vertical if there is variance in the {@code y} data but not the {@code x} data.
   *
   * <p>This fit minimizes the root-mean-square error in {@code y} as a function of {@code x}. This