*
   * <p>Prefer this method instead of manually casting an exception's cause. For example, {@code
   * (IOException) e.getCause()} throws a {@link ClassCastException} that discards the original
   * exception {@code e} if the cause is not an {@link IOException}, but {@code
   * Throwables.getCauseAs(e, IOException.class)} keeps {@code e} as the {@link
   * ClassCastException}'s cause.
   *

   *
   * <p>Prefer this method instead of manually casting an exception's cause. For example, {@code
   * (IOException) e.getCause()} throws a {@link ClassCastException} that discards the original
   * exception {@code e} if the cause is not an {@link IOException}, but {@code
   * Throwables.getCauseAs(e, IOException.class)} keeps {@code e} as the {@link
   * ClassCastException}'s cause.
   *

        assertEquals("Thumbnail generation error", exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Processing failed", exception.getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(innerCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Invalid image format", exception.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_serialization() {

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());
        assertTrue(exception.getCause() instanceof Error);
        assertTrue(exception.getCause() instanceof OutOfMemoryError);
        assertEquals("Not enough memory for SSO login", exception.getCause().getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructorWithThrowableCause_StackOverflowError() {

        RuntimeCIFSException finalException = new RuntimeCIFSException("Final error", intermediateCause);

        // Then
        assertEquals(intermediateCause, finalException.getCause());
        assertEquals(rootCause, finalException.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Final error", finalException.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Intermediate", intermediateCause.getMessage());

        assertEquals(level1, topLevel.getCause());
        assertEquals("Level 1: Authentication service error", topLevel.getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(level2, topLevel.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Level 2: User lookup failed", topLevel.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(level3, topLevel.getCause().getCause().getCause());

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(rootCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_exceptionSerialization() {
        // Test that the exception is serializable
        String message = "Serialization test";

        // Verify cause chain is preserved
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(rootCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_emptyMessage() {
        // Setup
        final String message = "";

        assertEquals(url, exception.getUrl());
        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(outerCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals(innerCause, exception.getCause().getCause().getCause());
        assertFalse(exception.aborted());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructor_withSpecialCharactersInUrl() {

        final SsoMessageException exception = new SsoMessageException(messageCode, message, middleCause);

        // Verify cause chain
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(rootCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_emptyMessage() {
        // Setup
        final String message = "";