// Assert
        assertSame(mocked, ex.getCause(), "Mocked cause should be preserved");
        verifyNoInteractions(mocked);
    }

    // Reflection-based check: ensure serialVersionUID remains the declared constant
    @Test
    @DisplayName("serialVersionUID matches declared constant")
    void serialVersionUID_hasExpectedValue() throws Exception {
        // Arrange

      int positionFloor = (int) LongMath.divide(numerator, scale, RoundingMode.DOWN);
      int remainder = (int) (numerator - positionFloor * scale);
      if (remainder == 0) {
        return dataset[positionFloor];
      } else {
        double positionFrac = (double) remainder / scale;
        return dataset[positionFloor]
            + positionFrac * (dataset[positionFloor + 1] - dataset[positionFloor]);

      int j = i & ARRAY_MASK;
      tmp += UnsignedLongs.divide(longs[j], divisors[j]);
    }
    return tmp;
  }

  @Benchmark
  long remainder(int reps) {
    long tmp = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
      int j = i & ARRAY_MASK;
      tmp += UnsignedLongs.remainder(longs[j], divisors[j]);
    }
    return tmp;
  }

  @Benchmark
  long parseUnsignedLong(int reps) {
    long tmp = 0;

   * <ul>
   *   <li>The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same.
   *   <li>The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same.
   *   <li>The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&amp;", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", and "=" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The space character " " is converted into %20.

        if (length == 0) {
            return "";
        }
        final StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder((int) Math.ceil(length / 3d) * 4);
        final int remainder = length % 3;
        length -= remainder;
        int block;
        int i = 0;
        while (i < length) {
            block = (bytes[i++] & 0xff) << 16 | (bytes[i++] & 0xff) << 8 | bytes[i++] & 0xff;

      int j = i & ARRAY_MASK;
      tmp += UnsignedLongs.divide(longs[j], divisors[j]);
    }
    return tmp;
  }

  @Benchmark
  long remainder(int reps) {
    long tmp = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
      int j = i & ARRAY_MASK;
      tmp += UnsignedLongs.remainder(longs[j], divisors[j]);
    }
    return tmp;
  }

  @Benchmark
  long parseUnsignedLong(int reps) {
    long tmp = 0;

   * <ul>
   *   <li>The alphanumeric characters "a" through "z", "A" through "Z" and "0" through "9" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The unreserved characters ".", "-", "~", and "_" remain the same.
   *   <li>The general delimiters "@" and ":" remain the same.
   *   <li>The subdelimiters "!", "$", "&amp;", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", and "=" remain
   *       the same.
   *   <li>The space character " " is converted into %20.

    }

    // returns the minimum x such as x >= a && (x % b) == 0
    private static int ceilToMultiple(int a, int b) {
      int remainder = a % b;
      return remainder == 0 ? a : a + b - remainder;
    }

    void assertBytes(byte[] expected) {
      byte[] got = out.toByteArray();
      for (int i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
        assertEquals(expected[i], got[i]);

        Throwable cause = new RuntimeException("root cause");

        // Act
        SMBProtocolDowngradeException ex = new SMBProtocolDowngradeException(null, cause);

        // Assert - null message retained; cause preserved
        assertNull(ex.getMessage());
        assertSame(cause, ex.getCause());
        assertEquals(SMBProtocolDowngradeException.class.getName(), ex.toString());
    }

    @Test

        // Verify encoded length
        assertEquals(0, encodedLen, "Encoded length should be zero for zero length encodable");
        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }, dest, "Destination array should remain unchanged for zero length encoding");
    }

    @Test
    void testEncodeEmptySourceArray() {
        // Test with an empty source array
        byte[] data = {};