* characters, and characters that already have another meaning in a particular context.
 *
 * Percent encoding is used in every URL component except for the hostname. But the set of
 * characters that need to be encoded is different for each component. For example, the path
 * component must escape all of its `?` characters, otherwise it could be interpreted as the

        server minio3:9001;
        server minio4:9001;
    }

    server {
        listen       9000;
        listen  [::]:9000;
        server_name  localhost;

        # To allow special characters in headers
        ignore_invalid_headers off;
        # Allow any size file to be uploaded.
        # Set to a value such as 1000m; to restrict file size to a specific value
        client_max_body_size 0;

    // we rule out characters that would cause problems in host headers.
    if (c <= '\u001f' || c >= '\u007f') {
      return true
    }
    // Check for the characters mentioned in the WHATWG Host parsing spec:
    // U+0000, U+0009, U+000A, U+000D, U+0020, "#", "%", "/", ":", "?", "@", "[", "\", and "]"
    // (excluding the characters covered above).
    if (" #%/:?@[\\]".indexOf(c) != -1) {

        return ltrim(text, null);
    }

    /**
     * Removes the specified characters from the left side of the string.
     *
     * @param text
     *            The text to trim
     * @param trimText
     *            The characters to remove
     * @return The resulting string
     */
    public static final String ltrim(final String text, String trimText) {

  }

  /**
   * Tests that specifying any alphanumeric characters as 'safe' causes an {@link
   * IllegalArgumentException}.
   */
  public void testBadArguments_badchars() {
    String msg = "Alphanumeric characters are always 'safe' and should not be explicitly specified";
    IllegalArgumentException expected =

   *
   * <p>An escaper is expected to be able to deal with any {@code char} value, so this method should
   * not throw any exceptions.
   *
   * @param c the character to escape if necessary
   * @return the replacement characters, or {@code null} if no escaping was needed
   */
  protected abstract char @Nullable [] escape(char c);

  /**
   * Returns the escaped form of a given literal string, starting at the given index. This method is

   *
   * @param escaper the non-null escaper to test
   */
  public static void assertBasic(Escaper escaper) throws IOException {
    // Escapers operate on characters: no characters, no escaping.
    Assert.assertEquals("", escaper.escape(""));
    // Assert that escapers throw null pointer exceptions.
    try {
      escaper.escape((String) null);

   *
   * @param escaper the non-null escaper to test
   */
  public static void assertBasic(Escaper escaper) throws IOException {
    // Escapers operate on characters: no characters, no escaping.
    Assert.assertEquals("", escaper.escape(""));
    // Assert that escapers throw null pointer exceptions.
    try {
      escaper.escape((String) null);

        eqCount = skipAll('='.code.toByte())
      }
      if (eqCount == 0) break // We peeked a scheme name.
      if (eqCount > 1) return // Unexpected '=' characters.
      if (skipCommasAndWhitespace()) return // Unexpected ','.

      val parameterValue =
        when {
          startsWith('"'.code.toByte()) -> readQuotedString()
          else -> readToken()

  /** Constructor used to implement {@link #from(String)}, and from subclasses. */
  InternetDomainName(String name) {
    // Normalize:
    // * ASCII characters to lowercase
    // * All dot-like characters to '.'
    // * Strip trailing '.'

    name = Ascii.toLowerCase(DOTS_MATCHER.replaceFrom(name, '.'));

    if (name.endsWith(".")) {
      name = name.substring(0, name.length() - 1);