return dstIndex - start;
    }

    @Override
    protected int writeDataWireFormat(final byte[] dst, int dstIndex) {
        final int start = dstIndex;
        dstIndex += this.info.encode(dst, dstIndex);

        /* 6 zeros observed with NT */
        SMBUtil.writeInt8(0L, dst, dstIndex);
        dstIndex += 6;

        /*
         * Also observed 4 byte alignment but we stick

        long expectedOffset = expectedInt; // Sign extension happens here for negative values
        assertEquals(expectedOffset, response.getOffset(), "Offset should match decoded value");
        assertEquals(4, readLen, "Byte count returned should be 4");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("readParameterWordsWireFormat with a too-short buffer - throws exception")

## Diğer middleware'ler { #other-middlewares }

Başka birçok ASGI middleware'i vardır.

Örneğin:

* [Uvicorn'un `ProxyHeadersMiddleware`'i](https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/blob/master/uvicorn/middleware/proxy_headers.py)
* [MessagePack](https://github.com/florimondmanca/msgpack-asgi)

    @Override
    public int size() {
        // Context header (16) + name length (4) + padding to 8-byte alignment + data (16)
        return 16 + 4 + 4 + STRUCTURE_SIZE;
    }

    @Override
    public int encode(byte[] dst, int dstIndex) {
        int start = dstIndex;

        // Write context header
        SMBUtil.writeInt4(0, dst, dstIndex); // Next (offset to next context, 0 for last)
        dstIndex += 4;

import okhttp3.Headers
import okhttp3.Request
import okhttp3.Response
import okhttp3.Route
import okhttp3.internal.connection.RealCall
import okio.Sink
import okio.Socket
import okio.Source

/** Encodes HTTP requests and decodes HTTP responses. */
interface ExchangeCodec {
  /** The connection or CONNECT tunnel that owns this codec. */
  val carrier: Carrier

     * @param bufferIndex the starting offset in the buffer
     * @param len the length of data to decode
     * @return the number of bytes decoded
     * @throws SMBProtocolDecodingException if the data cannot be properly decoded
     */
    @Override
    public int decode(final byte[] buffer, int bufferIndex, final int len) throws SMBProtocolDecodingException {
        final int start = bufferIndex;

    // overlap below
    assertEquals(Range.closed(4, 6), range.intersection(Range.closed(2, 6)));

    // enclosed with same start
    assertEquals(Range.closed(4, 6), range.intersection(Range.closed(4, 6)));

    // enclosed, interior
    assertEquals(Range.closed(5, 7), range.intersection(Range.closed(5, 7)));

    // enclosed with same end
    assertEquals(Range.closed(6, 8), range.intersection(Range.closed(6, 8)));

    // equal

    if expires_delta:
        expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + expires_delta
    else:
        expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(minutes=15)
    to_encode.update({"exp": expire})
    encoded_jwt = jwt.encode(to_encode, SECRET_KEY, algorithm=ALGORITHM)
    return encoded_jwt


async def get_current_user(
    security_scopes: SecurityScopes, token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)]
):

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str | None = None
    description: str | None = None
    price: float | None = None
    tax: float = 10.5
    tags: list[str] = []


items = {
    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},

## Other middlewares { #other-middlewares }

There are many other ASGI middlewares.

For example:

* [Uvicorn's `ProxyHeadersMiddleware`](https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/blob/master/uvicorn/middleware/proxy_headers.py)
* [MessagePack](https://github.com/florimondmanca/msgpack-asgi)