import os
import re
import shutil
import subprocess
from functools import lru_cache
from http.server import HTTPServer, SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
from importlib import metadata
from multiprocessing import Pool
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union

import mkdocs.utils
import typer
import yaml
from jinja2 import Template
from ruff.__main__ import find_ruff_bin

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ..utils import needs_pydanticv1


@needs_pydanticv1
def test_recursive():
    from .app_pv1 import app

    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.get("/items/recursive")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "sub_items": [{"name": "subitem", "sub_items": []}],
        "name": "item",
    }

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Union[Image, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")

from typing import Any

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
async def create_item(item: Item) -> Any:
    return item


@app.get("/items/", response_model=list[Item])

/// note | "Technical Details"

You could also use `from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse`.

**FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.responses` as `fastapi.responses` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available responses come directly from Starlette.

///

### `Response`

The main `Response` class, all the other responses inherit from it.

You can return it directly.

from typing import Optional

from dirty_equals import IsDict
from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Invoice(BaseModel):
    id: str
    title: Optional[str] = None
    customer: str
    total: float


class InvoiceEvent(BaseModel):
    description: str
    paid: bool


class InvoiceEventReceived(BaseModel):

import importlib
import warnings

import pytest
from dirty_equals import IsDict, IsInt
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from inline_snapshot import snapshot
from sqlalchemy import StaticPool
from sqlmodel import SQLModel, create_engine
from sqlmodel.main import default_registry

from tests.utils import needs_py39, needs_py310


def clear_sqlmodel():
    # Clear the tables in the metadata for the default base model

import typing

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class JsonApiResponse(JSONResponse):
    media_type = "application/vnd.api+json"


class Error(BaseModel):
    status: str
    title: str


class JsonApiError(BaseModel):
    errors: typing.List[Error]


@app.get(
    "/a",

There are several custom response classes you can use to create an instance and return them directly from your *path operations*.

Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/).

You can import them directly from `fastapi.responses`:

```python
from fastapi.responses import (
    FileResponse,
    HTMLResponse,
    JSONResponse,

import pytest
from dirty_equals import IsDict
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient


@pytest.fixture(name="client")
def get_client():
    from docs_src.body_nested_models.tutorial009 import app

    client = TestClient(app)
    return client


def test_post_body(client: TestClient):
    data = {"2": 2.2, "3": 3.3}
    response = client.post("/index-weights/", json=data)
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text