name: str = Field(index=True)
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


class Hero(HeroBase, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    secret_name: str


class HeroPublic(HeroBase):
    id: int


class HeroCreate(HeroBase):
    secret_name: str


class HeroUpdate(HeroBase):
    name: str | None = None
    age: int | None = None
    secret_name: str | None = None

    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    images: list[Image] | None = None


class Offer(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    items: list[Item]


@app.post("/offers/")
async def create_offer(offer: Offer):

from fastapi.params import Body, Cookie, Header, Param, Path, Query

test_data: list[Any] = ["teststr", None, ..., 1, []]


def get_user():
    return {}  # pragma: no cover


def test_param_repr_str():
    assert repr(Param("teststr")) == "Param(teststr)"


def test_param_repr_none():
    assert repr(Param(None)) == "Param(None)"


def test_param_repr_ellipsis():
    assert repr(Param(...)) == "Param(PydanticUndefined)"

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(
    item_id: Annotated[int, Path(title="The ID of the item to get", ge=0, le=1000)],
    q: str | None = None,
    item: Item | None = None,
):
    results = {"item_id": item_id}
    if q:
        results.update({"q": q})

class Token(BaseModel):
    access_token: str
    token_type: str


class TokenData(BaseModel):
    username: str | None = None
    scopes: list[str] = []


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


password_hash = PasswordHash.recommended()

    def foo(req: Model) -> dict[str, str | None]:
        return {
            "value": req.value or None,
            "embedded_value": req.embedded_model.value or None,
        }

    client = TestClient(app)

    response = client.post("/", json={})
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "value": None,
        "embedded_value": None,
    }

    response2 = client.post(

    background_tasks: StarletteBackgroundTasks | None
    response: Response
    dependency_cache: dict[DependencyCacheKey, Any]


async def solve_dependencies(
    *,
    request: Request | WebSocket,
    dependant: Dependant,
    body: dict[str, Any] | FormData | bytes | None = None,
    background_tasks: StarletteBackgroundTasks | None = None,
    response: Response | None = None,

    type: SchemaType | list[SchemaType] | None = None
    enum: list[Any] | None = None
    const: Any | None = None
    multipleOf: float | None = Field(default=None, gt=0)
    maximum: float | None = None
    exclusiveMaximum: float | None = None
    minimum: float | None = None
    exclusiveMinimum: float | None = None
    maxLength: int | None = Field(default=None, ge=0)
    minLength: int | None = Field(default=None, ge=0)

예를 들어, 어떤 값이 `str` 또는 `None`이 될 수 있다고 선언할 수 있습니다:

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```

`typing`에는 `None`이 될 수 있음을 선언하는 축약형으로 `Optional`도 있습니다.

아주 개인적인 관점에서의 팁입니다:

- 🚨 `Optional[SomeType]` 사용은 피하세요
- 대신 ✨ **`Union[SomeType, None]`를 사용하세요** ✨.

            """
        ),
    ] = None
    event: Annotated[
        str | None,
        Doc(
            """
            Optional event type name.

            Maps to `addEventListener(event, ...)` on the browser. When omitted,
            the browser dispatches on the generic `message` event.
            """
        ),
    ] = None
    id: Annotated[
        str | None,
        AfterValidator(_check_id_no_null),