assertNull(exception.getCause());
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructor_withNullMessageAndCause() {
        // Test constructor with null message and cause
        final JobProcessingException exception = new JobProcessingException(null, null);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

        // Verify the complete chain
        assertEquals("Plugin failure", exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(level1, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Runtime error", exception.getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(level2, exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Invalid state", exception.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(level3, exception.getCause().getCause().getCause());

        assertEquals("Thumbnail generation error", exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Processing failed", exception.getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(innerCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Invalid image format", exception.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_serialization() {

        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructor_withNullCause() {
        // Test with null cause
        DataStoreException exception = new DataStoreException((Throwable) null);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
    }

    @Test

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructor_withNullMessage() {
        // Test constructor with null message
        SearchEngineClientException exception = new SearchEngineClientException(null);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Underlying error", exception.getCause().getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructor_withNullMessage() {
        // Test constructor with null message

        assertEquals("Top level GSA error", exception.getMessage());

        // Check first level cause
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Intermediate problem", exception.getCause().getMessage());

        // Check second level cause
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Root problem", exception.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
    }

    @Test

        assertEquals(messageCode, exception3Params.getMessageCode());
        assertEquals(message, exception3Params.getMessage());
        assertEquals(cause, exception3Params.getCause());

        assertEquals(messageCode, exception2Params.getMessageCode());
        assertEquals(message, exception2Params.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception2Params.getCause());
    }

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_message_nullString() {
        // Test with null message string
        int statusCode = 500;
        String message = null;

        WebApiException exception = new WebApiException(statusCode, message);

        assertEquals(statusCode, exception.getStatusCode());
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
    }

    @Test

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().startsWith("Not Found: http://example.com/"));
        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Parent: http://example.com/"));
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructor_withUnicodeCharacters() {