},
	{
		ObjectKey:  [32]byte{},
		ObjectInfo: ObjectInfo{ETag: "916516b396f0f4d4f2a0e7177557bec4-738"},
		ETag:       "916516b396f0f4d4f2a0e7177557bec4-738",
	},
	{
		ObjectKey:  [32]byte{},
		ObjectInfo: ObjectInfo{ETag: "916516b396f0f4d4f2a0e7177557bec4-Q"},
		ETag:       "",
		ShouldFail: true, // Q is not a number
	},
	{
		ObjectKey:  [32]byte{},

        pytest.param("tutorial002_an_py39", marks=[needs_py39, needs_pydanticv2]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_an_py310", marks=[needs_py310, needs_pydanticv2]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_pv1", marks=[needs_pydanticv1, needs_pydanticv1]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_pv1_py310", marks=[needs_py310, needs_pydanticv1]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_pv1_an", marks=[needs_pydanticv1]),

// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package testutil

import (
	"bytes"
	"regexp"
	"strings"
	"testing"

	"github.com/spf13/cobra"

	"istio.io/istio/pilot/test/util"
)

type TestCase struct {
	Args []string

	// Typically use one of the three

 * prefix are called a 'section'. There are 128 code points per section.
 *
 * Ranges Data (32,612 bytes)
 * ==========================
 *
 * Each entry is 4 bytes, and represents a _range_ of code points that all share a common 14-bit
 * prefix. Entries are sorted by their complete code points.
 *
 * The 4 bytes are named b0, b1, b2 and b3. We also define these supplemental values:
 *
 *  * **b2a**: b2 + 0x80

    /**
     * Writes the specified byte to this file output stream.
     *
     * @throws IOException
     *             if a network error occurs
     */

    @Override
    public void write ( int b ) throws IOException {
        this.tmp[ 0 ] = (byte) b;
        write(this.tmp, 0, 1);
    }


    /**
     * Writes b.length bytes from the specified byte array to this
     * file output stream.

///

文件作为「表单数据」上传。

如果把*路径操作函数*参数的类型声明为 `bytes`，**FastAPI** 将以 `bytes` 形式读取和接收文件内容。

这种方式把文件的所有内容都存储在内存里，适用于小型文件。

不过，很多情况下，`UploadFile` 更好用。

## 含 `UploadFile` 的文件参数

定义文件参数时使用 `UploadFile`：

```Python hl_lines="12"
{!../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001.py!}
```

`UploadFile` 与 `bytes` 相比有更多优势：

* 使用 `spooled` 文件：
    * 存储在内存的文件超出最大上限时，FastAPI 会把文件存入磁盘；

    frame.writeByte(Http2.TYPE_HEADERS)
    frame.writeByte(FLAG_END_HEADERS or FLAG_END_STREAM)
    frame.writeInt(expectedStreamId and 0x7fffffff)
    frame.writeAll(headerBytes)

    // Check writer sends the same bytes.
    assertThat(sendHeaderFrames(true, sentHeaders)).isEqualTo(frame)
    reader.nextFrame(
      requireSettings = false,
      object : BaseTestHandler() {
        override fun headers(
          inFinished: Boolean,

        pytest.param("tutorial002_an_py39", marks=[needs_py39, needs_pydanticv2]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_an_py310", marks=[needs_py310, needs_pydanticv2]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_pv1", marks=[needs_pydanticv1, needs_pydanticv1]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_pv1_py310", marks=[needs_py310, needs_pydanticv1]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_pv1_an", marks=[needs_pydanticv1]),

        * In responses, the `set` will be converted to a `list`.
        * The generated schema will specify that the `set` values are unique (using JSON Schema's `uniqueItems`).
* `bytes`:
    * Standard Python `bytes`.
    * In requests and responses will be treated as `str`.
    * The generated schema will specify that it's a `str` with `binary` "format".
* `Decimal`:
    * Standard Python `Decimal`.

    private ChecksumHasher(Checksum checksum) {
      this.checksum = checkNotNull(checksum);
    }

    @Override
    protected void update(byte b) {
      checksum.update(b);
    }

    @Override
    protected void update(byte[] bytes, int off, int len) {
      checksum.update(bytes, off, len);
    }

    @Override
    @J2ObjCIncompatible
    protected void update(ByteBuffer b) {