Pour voir toutes les options dont vous disposez, consultez [l’aperçu des types de Pydantic](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/). Vous verrez quelques exemples au chapitre suivant.

Par exemple, comme dans le modèle `Image` nous avons un champ `url`, nous pouvons le déclarer comme instance de `HttpUrl` de Pydantic au lieu de `str` :

  return b == addressOffset + 4
}

/** Encodes an IPv6 address in canonical form according to RFC 5952. */
internal fun inet6AddressToAscii(address: ByteArray): String {
  // Go through the address looking for the longest run of 0s. Each group is 2-bytes.
  // A run must be longer than one group (section 4.2.2).
  // If there are multiple equal runs, the first one must be used (section 4.2.3).
  var longestRunOffset = -1

    // Start by looking for exact matches. We start at the leftmost label. For example, foo.bar.com
    // will look like: [foo, bar, com], [bar, com], [com]. The longest matching rule wins.
    var exactMatch: String? = null
    for (i in domainLabelsUtf8Bytes.indices) {
      val rule = publicSuffixList.bytes.binarySearch(domainLabelsUtf8Bytes, i)
      if (rule != null) {

        artifact.setFile(project.getArtifact().getFile());
        artifact.setResolved(true);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public File getFile() {
        // we need to get the latest file for the project, not the artifact that was created at one point in time
        return project.getArtifact().getFile();
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public String getGroupId() {

///

如果你的舊 FastAPI 應用仍使用 Pydantic v1，這裡會示範如何遷移到 Pydantic v2，並介紹 **FastAPI 0.119.0** 中可協助你逐步遷移的功能。

## 官方指南 { #official-guide }

Pydantic 提供從 v1 遷移到 v2 的官方[遷移指南](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/migration/)。

其中包含變更內容、驗證如何更正確且更嚴格、可能的注意事項等。

你可以先閱讀以更好理解具體變更。

## 測試 { #tests }

確保你的應用有[測試](../tutorial/testing.md)，並在 CI（持續整合）上執行。

如此一來，你可以升級後確認一切仍如預期運作。

## `bump-pydantic` { #bump-pydantic }

   * node(s) to any node reachable from the start node(s), and has no paths from any start node to
   * any other start node, such as a tree or forest.
   *
   * <p>{@code forTree()} is especially useful (versus {@code forGraph()}) in cases where the data
   * structure being traversed is, in addition to being a tree/forest, also defined <a
   * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/GraphsExplained#non-recursiveness">recursively</a>.

有時你需要做一些上述參數無法處理的「自訂驗證」。

這種情況下，你可以使用「自訂驗證函式」，它會在一般驗證之後套用（例如先確認值是 `str` 之後）。

你可以在 `Annotated` 中使用 [Pydantic 的 `AfterValidator`](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/validators/#field-after-validator) 來達成。

/// tip | 提示

Pydantic 也有 [`BeforeValidator`](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/validators/#field-before-validator) 等等。🤓

///

## Официальное руководство { #official-guide }

У Pydantic есть официальное [руководство по миграции](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/migration/) с v1 на v2.

Там также описано, что изменилось, как валидации стали более корректными и строгими, возможные нюансы и т.д.

Прочитайте его, чтобы лучше понять, что изменилось.

## Тесты { #tests }

Bunu yapmak için standart Python type hint'i olan [`typing.Union`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Union)'ı kullanın:

/// note | Not

Bir [`Union`](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/#unions) tanımlarken en spesifik type'ı önce, daha az spesifik olanı sonra ekleyin. Aşağıdaki örnekte daha spesifik olan `PlaneItem`, `Union[PlaneItem, CarItem]` içinde `CarItem`'dan önce gelir.

///

releases of OkHttp.

ProGuard was the previous default. We’re [tracking problems][proguard_problems] with interactions
between ProGuard, OkHttp 4.x, and Kotlin-originated `.class` files. Make sure you’re on the latest
release if you’re using ProGuard,


Gradle
------

OkHttp 4’s minimum requirements are Java 8+ and Android 5+. These requirements were
[first introduced][require_android_5] with OkHttp 3.13.