// Escapers operate on characters: no characters, no escaping.
    Assert.assertEquals("", escaper.escape(""));
    // Assert that escapers throw null pointer exceptions.
    try {
      escaper.escape((String) null);
      Assert.fail("exception not thrown when escaping a null string");
    } catch (NullPointerException e) {
      // pass
    }
  }

  /**

          '&', "<and>");
  private static final char[] NO_CHARS = new char[0];

  public void testReplacements() throws IOException {
    // In reality this is not a very sensible escaper to have (if you are only
    // escaping elements from a map you would use a ArrayBasedCharEscaper).
    UnicodeEscaper escaper =
        new ArrayBasedUnicodeEscaper(
            SIMPLE_REPLACEMENTS, Character.MIN_VALUE, Character.MAX_CODE_POINT, null) {

      ImmutableMap.of(
          '\n', "<newline>",
          '\t', "<tab>",
          '&', "<and>");

  public void testSafeRange() throws IOException {
    // Basic escaping of unsafe chars (wrap them in {,}'s)
    CharEscaper wrappingEscaper =
        new ArrayBasedCharEscaper(NO_REPLACEMENTS, 'A', 'Z') {
          @Override
          protected char[] escapeUnsafe(char c) {

        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Escapes special characters in a query string if escaping is enabled.
     * Replaces reserved characters with their escaped equivalents based on the Constants.RESERVED array.
     *
     * @param value the query string to escape
     * @return the escaped query string, or the original value if escaping is disabled
     */
    protected String escapeQuery(final String value) {
        if (!escape) {

    assertEscaping(xmlEscaper, "\uFFFD", '\uFFFF');

    assertWithMessage("0xFFFE is forbidden and should be replaced during escaping")
        .that(xmlEscaper.escape("[\ufffe]"))
        .isEqualTo("[\uFFFD]");
    assertWithMessage("0xFFFF is forbidden and should be replaced during escaping")
        .that(xmlEscaper.escape("[\uffff]"))
        .isEqualTo("[\uFFFD]");
  }

        assertEquals("hello world", getQuery("hello world", new String[0], Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap(), false));
    }

    @Test
    public void test_escapeQuery() {
        // Test escaping functionality through escape parameter
        assertEquals("test", getQuery("test", new String[0], Collections.emptyMap(), Collections.emptyMap(), false));

    if (uriStripped) {
      if (uri.toString() != component.urlString("")) {
        fail("Encoding $component $codePoint using $encoding")
      }
      return
    }

    // If the URI has more escaping than the HttpURL, check that the decoded values still match.
    val uriEscaped = uriEscapedCodePoints.indexOf(codePointString) != -1
    if (uriEscaped) {
      if (uri.toString() == httpUrl.toString()) {

    assertEscaping(xmlEscaper, "\uFFFD", '\uFFFF');

    assertWithMessage("0xFFFE is forbidden and should be replaced during escaping")
        .that(xmlEscaper.escape("[\ufffe]"))
        .isEqualTo("[\uFFFD]");
    assertWithMessage("0xFFFF is forbidden and should be replaced during escaping")
        .that(xmlEscaper.escape("[\uffff]"))
        .isEqualTo("[\uFFFD]");
  }

        generator = new TestThumbnailGenerator();

        // The pattern as it would be loaded from XML: "image/svg\+xml"
        // In XML, a single backslash is passed directly (no Java string escaping)
        // So we use a literal backslash here to simulate XML-loaded value
        String xmlLoadedPattern = "image/svg" + "\\" + "+xml"; // Simulates XML value: image/svg\+xml

 * directly if required. While URI escapers impose specific semantics on which characters are
 * considered 'safe', this class has a minimal set of restrictions.
 *
 * <p>When escaping a String, the following rules apply:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>All specified safe characters remain unchanged.
 *   <li>If {@code plusForSpace} was specified, the space character " " is converted into a plus