}

  /**
   * Reads all bytes from a URL into a byte array.
   *
   * @param url the URL to read from
   * @return a byte array containing all the bytes from the URL
   * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
   */
  public static byte[] toByteArray(URL url) throws IOException {
    return asByteSource(url).read();
  }

  /**
   * Reads all characters from a URL into a {@link String}, using the given character set.
   *

 *       array. This hashing API accepts an arbitrary sequence of byte and multibyte values (via
 *       {@link Hasher}), but this is merely a convenience; these are always translated into raw
 *       byte sequences under the covers.
 *   <li><b>hash code:</b> each hash function always yields hash codes of the same fixed bit length

import okhttp3.internal.http.promisesBody
import okio.BufferedSource
import okio.Source
import okio.buffer

/**
 * Transparent Compressed response support.
 *
 * The algorithm map will be turned into a heading such as "Accept-Encoding: br, gzip"
 *
 * If [algorithms] is empty this interceptor has no effect. To disable compression set
 * a specific "Accept-Encoding: identity" or similar.
 *

from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```

O `typing` também tem um atalho para declarar que algo pode ser `None`, com `Optional`.

Aqui vai uma dica do meu ponto de vista bem subjetivo:

* 🚨 Evite usar `Optional[SomeType]`
* Em vez disso ✨ use **`Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.

## `fastapi-slim`

⚠️ Do not install this package. ⚠️

This package, `fastapi-slim`, does nothing other than depend on `fastapi`.

All the functionality has been integrated into `fastapi`.

The only reason this package exists is as a migration path for old projects that used to depend on `fastapi-slim`, so that they can get the latest version of `fastapi`.

You **should not** install this package.

- CLI client. This is the `gradle` or `gradlew` command, and is responsible for locating, starting and interacting with the Gradle daemon, potentially downloading the Gradle distribution. 
- Tooling API client. This a library that is embedded into applications, such as IDEs or CI agents, that allows them to act as a Gradle client.
- Worker processes. Long-running daemon processes that the Gradle daemon starts to run specific kinds of work, such as compilation or test execution.

  }

  /**
   * @see AbstractContainerTester#resetContainer()
   */
  protected void resetCollection() {
    resetContainer();
  }

  /**
   * @return an array of the proper size with {@code null} inserted into the middle element.
   */
  protected E[] createArrayWithNullElement() {
    E[] array = createSamplesArray();
    array[getNullLocation()] = null;
    return array;
  }

  }

  /**
   * @see AbstractContainerTester#resetContainer()
   */
  protected void resetCollection() {
    resetContainer();
  }

  /**
   * @return an array of the proper size with {@code null} inserted into the middle element.
   */
  protected E[] createArrayWithNullElement() {
    E[] array = createSamplesArray();
    array[getNullLocation()] = null;
    return array;
  }

        return higherIndex;
      }
    },
    /**
     * Return {@code ~insertionIndex}, where {@code insertionIndex} is defined as the point at which
     * the key would be inserted into the list: the index of the next higher element in the list, or
     * {@code list.size()} if there is no such element.
     *
     * <p>Note that the return value will be {@code >= 0} if and only if there is an element of the

            tail[padLen + i] = (byte) (count * 8 >>> 8 * i);
        }

        engineUpdate(tail, 0, tail.length);

        final byte[] result = new byte[16];
        // cast this MD4's context (array of 4 ints) into an array of 16 bytes.
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
                result[i * 4 + j] = (byte) (context[i] >>> 8 * j);
            }
        }