* application successfully.
   *
   * <p>Example usage:
   *
   * <pre>
   * public static void main(String[] args) {
   *   Thread.currentThread().setUncaughtExceptionHandler(UncaughtExceptionHandlers.systemExit());
   *   ...
   * </pre>
   *
   * <p>The returned handler logs any exception at severity {@code SEVERE} and then shuts down the

import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Tests may use this to intercept messages that are logged by the code under test. Example:
 *
 * <pre>
 *   TestLogHandler handler;
 *
 *   protected void setUp() throws Exception {
 *     super.setUp();
 *     handler = new TestLogHandler();
 *     SomeClass.logger.addHandler(handler);

```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "An optional description",
    "price": 45.2,
    "tax": 3.5
}
```

...`description` ve `tax` opsiyonel olduğu için (default değerleri `None`), şu JSON "`object`" da geçerli olur:

```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "price": 45.2
}
```

## Parametre olarak tanımlayın { #declare-it-as-a-parameter }

 * </ul>
 *
 * <h2>Usage Example</h2>
 *
 * <pre>
 * {@code
 * Session session = ... // Obtain a Maven session
 * Packaging packaging = session.requirePackaging("jar");
 * System.out.println(packaging.getId()); // Outputs "jar"
 * }
 * </pre>
 *
 * @see org.apache.maven.api.Session#requirePackaging(String)
 * @see org.apache.maven.api.Project#getPackaging()

 *
 * <pre>
 * public class PackageSanityTests extends AbstractPackageSanityTests {}
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>Note that only top-level classes with either a non-private constructor or a non-private static
 * factory method to construct instances can have their instance methods checked. For example:
 *
 * <pre>
 * public class Address {
 *   private final String city;

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```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "An optional description",
    "price": 45.2,
    "tax": 3.5
}
```

...так как `description` и `tax` являются необязательными (со значением по умолчанию `None`), такой JSON "`object`" тоже будет корректным:

```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "price": 45.2
}
```

## Объявите её как параметр { #declare-it-as-a-parameter }

```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "An optional description",
    "price": 45.2,
    "tax": 3.5
}
```

...оскільки `description` і `tax` є необов'язковими (зі значенням за замовчуванням `None`), цей JSON "`об'єкт`" також буде дійсним:

```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "price": 45.2
}
```

## Оголосіть її як параметр { #declare-it-as-a-parameter }

```Python hl_lines="2  7-10 23-25"
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: bool | None = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):

{
    "name": "Bar",
    "description": "The bartenders",
    "price": 62,
    "tax": 20.2
}
```

这些值将包含在响应中。

#### 具有与默认值相同值的数据 { #data-with-the-same-values-as-the-defaults }

如果数据具有与默认值相同的值，例如 ID 为 `baz` 的项：

```Python hl_lines="3  5-6"
{
    "name": "Baz",
    "description": None,
    "price": 50.2,
    "tax": 10.5,
    "tags": []
}
```