assertEquals(testMessage, exception.getMessage(), "The exception message should match the input message.");
    }

    /**
     * Test the NO_NULL_REF static field.
     * Ensures that the static field holds the expected string value.
     */
    @Test
    void testNoNullRefConstant() {
        assertNotNull(NdrException.NO_NULL_REF, "NO_NULL_REF constant should not be null.");

from typing import Annotated, Literal

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

app = FastAPI()


class FilterParams(BaseModel):
    model_config = {"extra": "forbid"}

    limit: int = Field(100, gt=0, le=100)
    offset: int = Field(0, ge=0)
    order_by: Literal["created_at", "updated_at"] = "created_at"
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.get("/items/")

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = Field(
        default=None, title="The description of the item", max_length=300
    )
    price: float = Field(gt=0, description="The price must be greater than zero")
    tax: float | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")

     *
     * @param q the query string to be parsed
     * @param field the field to be used for keyword extraction
     * @return an array of keywords extracted from the query string, or an empty array if the number of keywords exceeds the maximum allowed or if any keyword exceeds the maximum length
     */
    public static String[] parseQuery(final String q, final String field) {

    // Item/Field Identifiers
    // ============================================================

    /** Item property key for label field. */
    public static final String ITEM_LABEL = "label";

    /** Item property key for value field. */
    public static final String ITEM_VALUE = "value";

    /** Item property key for name field. */
    public static final String ITEM_NAME = "name";

	for k := range mapValue {
		keys = append(keys, k)
	}
	sort.Strings(keys)

	for _, k := range keys {
		value := mapValue[k]
		if stmt.Schema != nil {
			if field := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(k); field != nil {
				k = field.DBName
			}
		}

		if v, ok := selectColumns[k]; (ok && v) || (!ok && !restricted) {
			values.Columns = append(values.Columns, clause.Column{Name: k})
			if len(values.Values) == 0 {

        "detail": [
            {
                "loc": ["body", "name"],
                "input": {},
                "msg": "Field required",
                "type": "missing",
            },
            {
                "loc": ["body", "price"],
                "input": {},
                "msg": "Field required",
                "type": "missing",
            },
        ]
    }

    private Object getFieldValue(Object obj, String fieldName) {
        try {
            Field field = getField(obj.getClass(), fieldName);
            field.setAccessible(true);
            return field.get(obj);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to get field value: " + fieldName, e);
        }
    }

from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

app = FastAPI()


class FormModel(BaseModel):
    username: str
    lastname: str
    age: Optional[int] = None
    tags: list[str] = ["foo", "bar"]
    alias_with: str = Field(alias="with", default="nothing")


class FormModelExtraAllow(BaseModel):
    param: str

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class HeroBase(SQLModel):
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


class Hero(HeroBase, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    secret_name: str


class HeroPublic(HeroBase):
    id: int


class HeroCreate(HeroBase):