Throwable cause1 = exception.getCause();
        assertNotNull(cause1);
        assertTrue(cause1 instanceof IOException);
        assertEquals("Level 1 error", cause1.getMessage());

        Throwable cause2 = cause1.getCause();
        assertNotNull(cause2);
        assertTrue(cause2 instanceof IllegalStateException);
        assertEquals("Level 2 error", cause2.getMessage());

        // Test constructor with null message but valid cause
        Exception cause = new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid argument");
        DictionaryException exception = new DictionaryException(null, cause);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
    }

        });

        // Test throwing and catching with cause
        RuntimeException cause = new RuntimeException("Cause");
        TransportException thrown = assertThrows(TransportException.class, () -> {
            throw new TransportException(cause);
        });
        assertEquals(cause, thrown.getCause());

        // Test throwing and catching with message and cause

 * This exception wraps the original cause of the execution failure.
 *
 * @since 4.0.0
 */
@Experimental
public class MavenExecutionException extends MavenException {

    /**
     * Constructs a new MavenExecutionException with the specified cause.
     *
     * @param cause The underlying exception that caused the execution failure
     */

        // Test constructor with message and cause
        String message = "Storage operation failed";
        Exception cause = new RuntimeException("Underlying error");
        StorageException exception = new StorageException(message, cause);

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
    }

        // Arrange - use a real cause so message is derived from cause.toString()
        Throwable cause = new IllegalStateException("proto mismatch");
        String expectedMessage = cause.toString();

        // Act
        SMBProtocolDowngradeException ex = new SMBProtocolDowngradeException(cause);

        // Assert - cause preserved, message derived from cause
        assertSame(cause, ex.getCause());

  /**
   * Creates a new instance with the given detail message and cause. Prefer to provide a
   * non-nullable {@code cause}, as many users expect to find one.
   */
  public UncheckedExecutionException(@Nullable String message, @Nullable Throwable cause) {
    super(message, cause);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new instance with {@code null} as its detail message and the given cause. Prefer to

        // Expect the message to be set correctly and cause to be null
        assertEquals(errorMessage, e.getMessage());
        assertNull(e.getCause());
    }

    /**
     * Test the constructor with a cause.
     */
    @Test
    void testCauseConstructor() {
        Throwable cause = new RuntimeException("Root cause");
        PACDecodingException e = new PACDecodingException(cause);

     *
     * @param cause the underlying exception
     */
    public SQLRuntimeException(final SQLException cause) {
        super("ECL0072", asArray(getSql(cause), getRealMessage(cause), Integer.toString(cause.getErrorCode()), cause.getSQLState()), cause);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the <code>SQL</code>.
     *
     * @param cause the underlying exception
     * @return the <code>SQL</code>

    void testWithCause() {
        // Given
        IllegalArgumentException cause = new IllegalArgumentException("bad arg");

        // When
        SpnegoException ex = new SpnegoException(cause);

        // Then
        assertNotNull(ex);
        assertEquals(cause, ex.getCause());
        // IOException(Throwable) sets message to cause.toString()