@Test
        @DisplayName("Should throw DcerpcException for invalid URL format")
        void testConstructor_InvalidUrl() {
            String invalidUrl = "invalid:server";
            assertThrows(DcerpcException.class, () -> new DcerpcPipeHandle(invalidUrl, mockContext, false),
                    "Should throw DcerpcException for invalid protocol");
        }

        @Test

     * @param request the request holding artifact creation parameters
     * @return an {@code Artifact}, never {@code null}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code request} is null or {@code request.session} is null or invalid
     */
    @Nonnull
    Artifact create(@Nonnull ArtifactFactoryRequest request);

    @Nonnull
    default Artifact create(

        assertTrue(exception instanceof java.io.Serializable);
    }

    public void test_nestedExceptions() {
        // Test nested exception handling
        Exception innerCause = new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid parameter");
        RuntimeException middleCause = new RuntimeException("Processing failed", innerCause);
        ThemeException exception = new ThemeException("Theme operation failed", middleCause);

        keys.put(PacSignature.ETYPE_ARCFOUR_HMAC, hmacKey);

        PACDecodingException e = assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> PacMac.calculateMac(-1, keys, TEST_DATA)); // Invalid type
        assertEquals("Invalid MAC algorithm", e.getMessage());
    }

		},
		// Test Case - 7.
		// Test case with invalid region.
		{
			inputCredentialStr: generateCredentialStr(
				"Z7IXGOO6BZ0REAN1Q26I",
				UTCNow().Format(yyyymmdd),
				"us-west-2",
				"s3",
				"aws4_request"),
			expectedCredentials: credentialHeader{},
			expectedErrCode:     ErrAuthorizationHeaderMalformed,
		},
		// Test Case - 8.
		// Test case with invalid request version.

    assertThat(wrappedSet).isEqualTo(copyOfWrappedSet);

    // test that setToTest is still valid
    assertThat(setToTest).isEqualTo(wrappedSet);
    assertThat(setToTest).isEqualTo(copyOfWrappedSet);

    // invalidate setToTest
    wrappedSet.remove(1);
    // sanity check on update of wrappedSet
    assertThat(wrappedSet).isNotEqualTo(copyOfWrappedSet);

                    final Response response = (Response) response_map.get(key);
                    if (response == null) {
                        if (LogStream.level >= 4) {
                            log.println("Invalid key, skipping message");
                        }
                        doSkip();
                    } else {
                        doRecv(response);
                        response.isReceived = true;

     *
     * @return whether the FD is open and valid
     */
    boolean isOpen();

    /**
     * Tests whether this file descriptor was previously open but has become invalid.
     *
     * @return whether the FD was previously open but became invalid
     */
    boolean isStale();

    /**
     * Unwraps this handle to the specified type.
     *
     * @param <T> the type to unwrap to

        });
        assertTrue(e.getMessage().contains("PAC"));
    }

    // Test exception for invalid version
    @Test
    void testConstructorInvalidVersion() throws IOException {
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(baos);

        // Write header with invalid version
        dos.writeInt(Integer.reverseBytes(1)); // 1 buffer

    }

    // Edge/Invalid: empty string is invalid for valueOf
    @ParameterizedTest
    @EmptySource
    @DisplayName("valueOf(\"\") throws IllegalArgumentException for empty input")
    void valueOfRejectsEmpty(String empty) {
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> RequestParam.valueOf(empty));
    }

    // Invalid: null is not allowed for valueOf
    @ParameterizedTest