Here the query parameter `needy` is a required query parameter of type `str`.

If you open in your browser a URL like:

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo-item
```

...without adding the required parameter `needy`, you will see an error like:

```JSON
{
  "detail": [
    {
      "type": "missing",
      "loc": [
        "query",
        "needy"
      ],

# 進階中介軟體 { #advanced-middleware }

在主要教學中你已學過如何將[自訂中介軟體](../tutorial/middleware.md)加入到你的應用程式。

你也讀過如何處理 [使用 `CORSMiddleware` 的 CORS](../tutorial/cors.md)。

本節將示範如何使用其他中介軟體。

## 新增 ASGI 中介軟體 { #adding-asgi-middlewares }

由於 **FastAPI** 建立在 Starlette 上並實作了 <abbr title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface - 非同步伺服器閘道介面">ASGI</abbr> 規範，你可以使用任何 ASGI 中介軟體。

中介軟體不一定要為 FastAPI 或 Starlette 專門撰寫，只要遵循 ASGI 規範即可運作。

    putEdge(1, 2); // Duplicate
    putEdge(4, 5);
  }

  // Element Mutation

  @Test
  public void putEdge_existingNodes() {
    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();

    // Adding nodes initially for safety (insulating from possible future
    // modifications to proxy methods)
    addNode(N1);
    addNode(N2);

    assertThat(graphAsMutableGraph.putEdge(N1, N2)).isTrue();
  }

        final SearchEngineClient searchEngineClient = ComponentUtil.getSearchEngineClient();

        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug("Adding document: url={}", dataMap.get(fessConfig.getIndexFieldUrl()));
        }

        //   required check
        final Object urlObj = dataMap.get(fessConfig.getIndexFieldUrl());
        if (urlObj == null) {

   *     value
   */
  public static UnsignedInteger valueOf(String string, int radix) {
    return fromIntBits(UnsignedInts.parseUnsignedInt(string, radix));
  }

  /**
   * Returns the result of adding this and {@code val}. If the result would have more than 32 bits,
   * returns the low 32 bits of the result.
   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public UnsignedInteger plus(UnsignedInteger val) {

The `str | None` is not used by FastAPI to determine that the value is not required, it will know it's not required because it has a default value of `= None`.

But adding the type annotations will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.

///

## Without Pydantic { #without-pydantic }

        append(
          listOf(
            "Inaccessible trust store",
            "trustStore is",
            "Reload the trust store",
            "Reload trust certs",
            "Reloaded",
            "adding as trusted certificates",
            "Ignore disabled cipher suite",
            "Ignore unsupported cipher suite",
          ).joinToString(separator = "|"),
        )
        append(").*")
      },
    )

 * keys according to the above key ordering, and for each key they iterate across the values
 * according to the value ordering.
 *
 * <p>The multimap does not store duplicate key-value pairs. Adding a new key-value pair equal to an
 * existing key-value pair has no effect.
 *
 * <p>Null keys and values are permitted (provided, of course, that the respective comparators

import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
import org.apache.maven.api.cli.Options;

/**
 * Defines the options specific to Maven operations.
 * This interface extends the general {@link Options} interface, adding Maven-specific configuration options.
 *
 * <p>These options represent the various flags and settings available through the Maven CLI,

@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes") // https://github.com/google/guava/issues/989
@DoNotMock("Use ImmutableRangeSet or TreeRangeSet")
@GwtIncompatible
public interface RangeSet<C extends Comparable> {
  // TODO(lowasser): consider adding default implementations of some of these methods

  // Query methods

  /** Determines whether any of this range set's member ranges contains {@code value}. */
  boolean contains(C value);

  /**