* Test case for the encode method.
     * Verifies that the encode method of a concrete implementation is called
     * and interacts with the NdrBuffer as expected.
     * @throws NdrException if encoding fails.
     */
    @Test
    void testEncode() throws NdrException {
        // When
        ndrObject.encode(mockBuffer);

        // Then
        // Verify that our mock buffer had the expected method called.

/**
 * Describes a problem that was encountered during model building. A problem can either be an exception that was thrown
 * or a simple string message. In addition, a problem carries a hint about its source, e.g. the POM file that exhibits
 * the problem.
 *
 */
public interface ModelProblem extends BuilderProblem {

    /**
     * Enumeration of model versions that can be validated.

import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.Locale;
import junit.framework.TestCase;

/**
 * Since annotations have some reusability issues that force copy and paste all over the place, it's
 * worth having a test to ensure that all our Feature enums have their annotations correctly set up.
 *
 * @author George van den Driessche
 */
public class FeatureEnumTest extends TestCase {

  /**
   * Adds {@code equalityGroup} with objects that are supposed to be equal to each other and not
   * equal to any other equality groups added to this tester.
   *
   * <p>The {@code @Nullable} annotations on the {@code equalityGroup} parameter imply that the
   * objects, and the array itself, can be null. That is for programmer convenience, when the
   * objects come from factory methods that are themselves {@code @Nullable}. In reality neither the

    /**
     * Gets the external profiles that were active during model building. External profiles are those that were
     * contributed by {@link ModelBuilderRequest#getProfiles()}.
     *
     * @return The active external profiles or an empty list if none, never {@code null}.
     */
    @Nonnull
    List<Profile> getActiveExternalProfiles();

    /**

    exec.shutdown();
    exec.awaitTermination(100, MILLISECONDS);
  }

  /**
   * Tests that all listeners complete, even if they were added before or after the future was
   * finishing. Also acts as a concurrency test to make sure the locking is done correctly when a
   * future is finishing so that no listeners can be lost.
   */
  public void testAllListenersCompleteSuccessfully()

Now, let's see how you could use that to return a custom response.

Let's say that you want to return an [XML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML) response.

You could put your XML content in a string, put that in a `Response`, and return it:

{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1,18] *}

For that you need to access the request directly.

{* ../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,7:8] *}

By declaring a *path operation function* parameter with the type being the `Request` **FastAPI** will know to pass the `Request` in that parameter.

/// tip

Note that in this case, we are declaring a path parameter beside the request parameter.

 * <p>Checks proper flushing behavior, and ensures that IOExceptions on Flushable.flush() are not
 * propagated out from the {@link Flushables#flush} method if {@code swallowException} is true.
 *
 * @author Michael Lancaster
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class FlushablesTest extends TestCase {
  private Flushable mockFlushable;

  public void testFlush_clean() throws IOException {
    // make sure that no exception is thrown regardless of value of

        UpgradeContext context = createMockContext();

        help.execute(context);

        // Verify that logger.info was called multiple times
        // We can't easily verify the exact content without capturing the logger output,
        // but we can verify that the method executes without errors
        Mockito.verify(context.logger, Mockito.atLeastOnce()).info(Mockito.anyString());
    }

    @Test