}

    /**
     * Test constructor with malformed data (too short).
     */
    @Test
    void testConstructorMalformedData() {
        // Prepare data (only 2 bytes, less than an int)
        byte[] data = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x02 };

        // Verify that PACDecodingException is thrown
        assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> {
            new PacSignature(data);

    IndexOutOfBoundsException expected =
        assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> checkElementIndex(1, 1));
    assertThat(expected).hasMessageThat().isEqualTo("index (1) must be less than size (1)");
  }

  public void testCheckElementIndex_withDesc_negative() {
    IndexOutOfBoundsException expected =
        assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> checkElementIndex(-1, 1, "foo"));

    IndexOutOfBoundsException expected =
        assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> checkElementIndex(1, 1));
    assertThat(expected).hasMessageThat().isEqualTo("index (1) must be less than size (1)");
  }

  public void testCheckElementIndex_withDesc_negative() {
    IndexOutOfBoundsException expected =
        assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> checkElementIndex(-1, 1, "foo"));

    @Test
    void readTrailerWireFormatShouldThrowIOExceptionOnUnexpectedEOF() throws IOException {
        // Test that an IOException is thrown if the input stream does not provide enough bytes.
        // Simulate reading less than 6 bytes.
        when(mockInputStream.read(any(byte[].class), anyInt(), anyInt())).thenReturn(5); // Simulate reading only 5 bytes

        SessionRetargetResponsePacket packet = new SessionRetargetResponsePacket();

 * task cannot be implemented with {@link ListeningExecutorService}, the various {@link Futures}
 * utility methods, or {@link ListenableFutureTask}. Those APIs have less opportunity for developer
 * error. If your needs are more complex than {@code SettableFuture} supports, use {@link
 * AbstractFuture}, which offers an extensible version of the API.
 *
 * @author Sven Mawson

 * task cannot be implemented with {@link ListeningExecutorService}, the various {@link Futures}
 * utility methods, or {@link ListenableFutureTask}. Those APIs have less opportunity for developer
 * error. If your needs are more complex than {@code SettableFuture} supports, use {@link
 * AbstractFuture}, which offers an extensible version of the API.
 *
 * @author Sven Mawson

import java.util.Random;
import junit.framework.TestCase;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Tests that the different algorithms benchmarked in {@link QuantilesBenchmark} are actually all
 * returning more-or-less the same answers.
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class QuantilesAlgorithmTest extends TestCase {

  private static final Random rng = new Random(82674067L);
  private static final int DATASET_SIZE = 1000;

    }
    return tmp;
  }

  private static long random() {
    return randomSource.nextLong();
  }

  // A random value that cannot be 0 and that is unsigned-less-than or equal
  // to the given dividend, so that we don't have half of our divisions being
  // trivial because the divisor is bigger than the dividend.

 * amortized since some operations can trigger a hash table resize.
 *
 * <p>This implementation consumes significantly less memory than {@code java.util.LinkedHashSet} or
 * even {@code java.util.HashSet}, and places considerably less load on the garbage collector. Like
 * {@code java.util.LinkedHashSet}, it offers insertion-order iteration, with identical behavior.
 *

import com.google.common.annotations.J2ktIncompatible;
import java.io.Serializable;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NonNull;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/** An ordering that treats {@code null} as less than all other values. */
@GwtCompatible
final class NullsFirstOrdering<T extends @Nullable Object> extends Ordering<@Nullable T>
    implements Serializable {
  final Ordering<? super T> ordering;